Chapter 18 & 20 Homework

Place a single word into each sentence to make it correct.

-Blood types A, B, AB, and O form the *ABO* blood group. -Your ABO blood type is determined by the presence or absence of *antigens* on your RBCs. -Each antigen will have a different *carbohydrate* complex on the surface of the RBC. -Additionally, *plasma* will contain antibodies. -These antibodies react with *foreign* RBC antigens.

Individuals with which blood types will have anti-A agglutinins in their plasma? Check all that apply.

-Type B- -Type O+

Choose the correct statement(s) regarding the composition of plasma. Check all that apply.

-Water represents 92% by weight. -Albumin is 60% of the total protein portion. -The most abundant nitrogenous waste is urea.

Which of the following characteristics of a red blood cell increases its ability to carry oxygen to the tissues? Check all that apply.

-lacking mitochondria, RBCs rely exclusively on anaerobic fermentation to produce ATP -the cytoplasm of an RBC consists mainly of a 33% solution of hemoglobin -RBCs lose nearly all organelles during their development -lacking a nucleus and DNA, RBCs also are incapable of protein synthesis and mitosis

Place the following vessels in the order through which blood would pass, beginning with blood entering the systemic circuit after exiting the heart.

1. Conducting arteries 2. distributing arteries 3. resistance arteries 4. arterioles 5. capillaries 6. post-capillary venules 7. muscular venules 8. medium veins 9. venous sinuses 10. large veins

Place the following formed elements in order of abundance in a normal blood sample, beginning with the most numerous.

1. Erythrocytes 2. Platelets 3. Leukocytes (Total) 4. Neutrophils 5. Lymphocytes 6. Monocytes 7. Eosinophils 8. Basophils

List, in order, the stages of erythropoiesis. Start with the least differentiated cell type and end with erythrocytes.

1.) Hemopoietic stem cells. 2.) Colony-forming units. 3.) Erythroblasts. 4.) Reticulocytes. 5.) Erythrocytes.

Place a single word into each sentence to make it correct, then place each sentence into a logical paragraph order describing hemostasis.

1.) There are *three* hemostatic mechanisms. 2.) First, *vascular* spasm constricts the broken blood vessel, reducing hemorrhage. 3.) In platelet plug formation, a large mass of platelets *aggregate* and undergo degranulation. 4.) Degranulation *promotes* hemostasis. 5.) *Coagulation* finishes the process by clotting the blood and protecting the body from excess blood loss.

How many heme groups are there in each hemoglobin molecule?

4

Approximately what percent of fluid that exits the capillaries at the arterial end reenters the capillaries at the venous end?

90%

Blood types A, B, AB, and O form the ____________ blood group.

ABO

During exercise, the adrenal medulla and sympathetic nerves cause which of the following to occur?

Arterioles dilate in response to epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Where are baroreceptors found?

Carotid sinuses

Which of the following is not a mechanism that assists venous return?

Central venous pressure being greater than pressure in the venules

How do materials get from the blood to the surrounding tissues?

Diffusion, filtration and absorption, and transcytosis

Action potentials are conducted from the baroreceptors to the brain via which nerve?

Glossopharyngeal nerve

Which of the following will not increase the heart rate?

Increased blood pressure

Drag each of the labels into the appropriate position to indicate which blood type is being described.

TYPE AB+: -Expresses all of the major antigens -The least common U.S. blood type -The universal acceptor -Expresses the A agglutinogen Type O-: -Expresses all of the major antibodies -The most common U.S. blood type -The universal donor -Expresses the B agglutinin

Why do fluids leave the capillaries at the arterial end?

The net filtration pressure of the blood is higher at the arterial end than it is at the venous end.

Choose the correct statement regarding the function of platelets.

They secrete procoagulants, or clotting factors, which promote blood clotting.

What are the two principal functions of erythrocytes?

To pick up oxygen from the lungs and deliver it to tissues and to pick up carbon dioxide from the tissues and unload it in the lungs

The action potential from the brain to the heart travels along which nerve(s)?

Vagus nerve

In platelet plug formation, a large mass of platelets ____________ and undergo degranulation.

aggregate

Your ABO blood type is determined by the presence or absence of ____________ on your RBCs.

antigens

Which of the following is not detected by chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies?

blood pressure

Each antigen will have a different ____________ complex on the surface of the RBC.

carbohydrate

____________ finishes the process by clotting the blood and protecting the body from excess blood loss.

coagulation

Heart rate and stroke volume decrease with a decrease in parasympathetic stimulation.

false

Increased sympathetic stimulation causes vasodilation, bringing elevated blood pressure back to normal.

false

The lymphatic capillaries reabsorb as much as 20% of the fluid lost by the blood capillaries.

false

These antibodies react with ____________ RBC antigens.

foreign

This shift in fluid balance at the arterial end is referred to as ____________ pressure.

hydrostatic

This is the physical force exerted by a ____________ against a surface like a capillary wall.

liquid

Which of the following contains chemoreceptors?

medulla oblongata

Typically, fluid filters ____________ the arterial end of a capillary.

out

Additionally, ____________ will contain antibodies.

plasma

Blood usually passes through one network of capillaries from the time it leaves the heart until the time it returns, but there are exceptions, notably the __________.

portal systems and anastomoses

Degranulation ____________ hemostasis.

promotes

There are ____________ hemostatic mechanisms.

three

Increased sympathetic stimulation causes increased heart rate and stroke volume.

true

The net osmotic pressure is equal at both the arterial and the venous ends of the capillary.

true

Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) are characterized by temporary dizziness, loss of vision or other senses, weakness, paralysis, headache, or aphasia. (true or false)

true

First, __________ spasm constricts the broken blood vessel, reducing hemorrhage.

vascular

Fluid will then osmotically reenter at the ____________ end.

venous

This fluid delivers materials to the cells and removes its ____________ .

waste