Chapter 18

The link between a first messenger and a second messenger in a cell that responds to peptide hormones is usually adenyl cyclase. a G protein. cAMP. calcium ion levels. cGMP.

a G protein.

A hormone that helps to regulate the sodium ion content of the body is cortisol. aldosterone. thymosin. parathormone. somatotropin.

aldosterone

The kidneys secrete calcitriol. erythropoietin. renin. hormones to regulate sodium ion concentration. All of the answers are correct.

calcitriol. erythropoietin. renin. hormones to regulate sodium ion concentration. All of the answers are correct.

The primary target(s) of insulin is/are cardiac muscle cells. adipocytes. liver cells. skeletal muscle fibers. All of the answers are correct.

cardiac muscle cells. adipocytes. liver cells. skeletal muscle fibers. All of the answers are correct.

Extracellular membrane receptors are used by which of the following types of hormones? catecholamines, peptide hormones, and eicosanoids catecholamines eicosanoids peptide hormones thyroid

catecholamines, peptide hormones, and eicosanoids

The suprarenal medulla produces glucocorticoids. catecholamines. androgens. corticosteroids. mineralocorticoids.

catecholamines.

Peptide hormones are produced by the suprarenal glands. derived from the amino acid tyrosine. composed of amino acids. lipids. chemically related to cholesterol

composed of amino acids.

A hormone that promotes gluconeogenesis in the liver is aldosterone. cortisol. parathormone. erythropoietin. thymosin.

cortisol

Which of the following substances activates protein kinases and thus acts as a second messenger? epinephrine ACTH insulin cyclic AMP TSH

cyclic AMP

The primary function of ADH is to decrease the amount of water lost at the kidneys. increase the amount of sodium lost at the kidneys. increase digestive absorption. delay urination. decrease blood pressure.

decrease the amount of water lost at the kidneys.

Damage to cells of the zona fasciculata of the suprarenal cortex would result in the loss of axillary and pubic hair. increased volume of urine formation. decreased ability to convert amino acids to glucose. increased water retention. decreased levels of sodium ion in the blood.

decreased ability to convert amino acids to glucose.

Hormones known as "catecholamines" are peptides derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine. derivatives of reproductive glands. lipids. steroids.

derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine.

The exocrine portion of the pancreas produces digestive enzymes. bile. somatotropin. glucagon. insulin.

digestive enzymes.

The hypothalamus acts as both a neural and a(n) ________ organ. cardiovascular endocrine muscular renal hepatic

endocrine

The hormone that dominates during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is thyroid hormone. aldosterone. cortisol. epinephrine. testosterone.

epinephrine

Which of these hormones increases production of red blood cells? erythropoietin atrial natriuretic peptide cortisol aldosterone thymosin

erythropoietin

In persons with untreated diabetes mellitus, excessive thirst is shown. glucose is present in the urine in large amounts. blood glucose levels are very high. a large excretion of urine occurs. All of the answers are correct.

excessive thirst is shown. glucose is present in the urine in large amounts. blood glucose levels are very high. a large excretion of urine occurs. All of the answers are correct.

he thyroid gland is composed of many ________ that produce and store thyroid hormone

follicles

Excess secretion of growth hormone during early development will cause dwarfism. acromegaly. rickets. diabetes insipidus. gigantism.

gigantism.

If the adenyl cyclase activity of liver cells were missing, which of these hormones could no longer stimulate release of glucose? cortisol thyroxine leptin insulin glucagon

glucagon

Which group of hormones cause an anti-inflammatory action? pancreatic hormones mineralocorticoids glucocorticoids antidiuretic hormones thyroglobulins

glucocorticoids

Which of these hormones is required for normal growth? growth hormone insulin thyroid hormone All of these hormones are required for normal growth.

growth hormone insulin thyroid hormone All of these hormones are required for normal growth.

All target cells respond to electrical signals. have hormone receptors. are in the blood. produce their own hormones. secrete hormones.

have hormone receptors.

The beta cells of the pancreatic islets produce cortisol. somatostatin. insulin. peptide P. glucagon.

insulin

Which of the following hormones stimulates skeletal muscle fibers to take in glucose from the blood? glucagon parathyroid hormone calcitonin cortisol insulin

insulin

Which of the following elements is necessary for the production of thyroid hormone? sodium colloid iron iodine potassium

iodine

Adipocytes produce a peptide hormone called ________ that acts on the hypothalamus.

leptin

Hormones from the adrenal cortex that regulate electrolyte balance are: antidiuretics mineralocorticoids calcitonin and parathyroid hormone androgens glucocorticoids

mineralocorticoids

A simple endocrine reflex involves ________ hormone(s). one gonadotropic hypothalamic tropic two

one

Which of the following cells are target cells for the hormone that causes a decrease in blood-calcium concentration? osteoblasts alpha cells osteoclasts C cells All cells in the body, especially cartilage, bone, and muscle cells.

osteoclasts

The hormone that may be slowly administered by intravenous drip to accelerate labor and delivery is prolactin. both oxytocin and luteinizing hormone. just extra fluids. oxytocin. luteinizing hormone.

oxytocin

The hormone that does the opposite of calcitonin is thyroid hormone. insulin. glucagon. growth hormone. parathyroid hormone.

parathyroid hormone.

Endocrine cells __________. perform intercellular communication contain secretory vesicles secrete into extracellular fluid Endocrine cells have all of these characteristics.

perform intercellular communication contain secretory vesicles secrete into extracellular fluid Endocrine cells have all of these characteristics.

The __________ gland secretes melatonin. neurohypophysis pineal thymus pituitary

pineal

Melatonin is produced by the kidneys. skin. pineal gland. thymus. heart.

pineal gland.

Endocrine cells are modified connective-tissue cells. release their secretions onto an epithelial surface. release their secretions directly into body fluids. contain few vesicles. are a type of nerve cell.

release their secretions directly into body fluids.

When a catecholamine or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell, the cell becomes inactive. second messenger appears in the cytoplasm. hormone is transported to the nucleus where it alters the activity of DNA. hormone receptor complex moves into the cytoplasm. cell membrane becomes depolarized.

second messenger appears in the cytoplasm.

The pituitary hormone that controls the release of glucocorticoids from the suprarenal cortex is TSH. FSH. ACTH. GH. LH.

ACTH

Which hormone stimulates the adrenal gland? TSH ACTH ADH All of these hormones stimulate the adrenal gland.

ACTH

A rise in cortisol would cause an increase in each of the following, except the rate of glycogen formation by the liver. ACTH levels. fatty acid metabolism by muscle cells. the level of fatty acids in the blood. the rate of glucose synthesis by the liver.

ACTH levels.

Which of these is released by the neurohypophysis? TSH FSH ACTH ADH

ADH

Too little secretion of cortisol and aldosterone causes Addison disease. Cushing disease. diabetes insipidus. goiter. diabetes mellitus.

Addison disease.

The pituitary hormone that promotes ovarian secretion of progesterone and testicular secretion of testosterone is LH. TSH. GH. ACTH. FSH.

LH

__________ elevates blood calcium ion levels. Calcitonin Thyroid hormone Parathyroid hormone Estrogen

Parathyroid hormone

The pituitary hormone that triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland is FSH. TSH. LH. ACTH. GH.

TSH

The zona reticularis of the suprarenal cortex produces norepinephrine. glucocorticoids. androgens. epinephrine. mineralocorticoids.

androgens.

The enzyme renin is responsible for the activation of atrial natriuretic peptide. erythropoietin. cortisol. angiotensin. adrenaline.

angiotensin

Which of these regulatory substances does the kidney not secrete? angiotensin erythropoietin calcitriol renin

angiotensin

Two hormones that have opposing effects are called ________.

antagonists

Peptide hormones ___________. usually bind to intranuclear receptors are lipid soluble are composed of amino acids always contain one sugar molecule

are composed of amino acids

All of the following are true of steroid hormones, except that they are derived from cholesterol. bind to receptors within the cell. are produced by the suprarenal medulla. are lipids. are produced by reproductive glands.

are produced by the suprarenal medulla.

Which cells are correctly matched to the hormones they produce? beta cells; glucagon alpha cells; insulin acinar cells; insulin beta cells; insulin

beta cells; insulin

Steroid hormones are proteins. bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells. remain in circulation for relatively short periods of time. cannot diffuse through cell membranes. are transported in the blood dissolved in the plasma

bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells.

Hormone release may be controlled by which of the following factors? blood level of a hormone blood level of an ion-like potassium nervous stimuli blood level of glucose All of the answers are correct.

blood level of a hormone blood level of an ion-like potassium nervous stimuli blood level of glucose All of the answers are correct.

The hypothalamus controls secretion by the adenohypophysis by gap synaptic junctions. secreting releasing and inhibiting factors into a tiny portal system. indirect osmotic control. altering ion concentrations and pH in the anterior pituitary. direct neural stimulation.

secreting releasing and inhibiting factors into a tiny portal system.

Hormonal actions on cells include those that affect synthesis of enzymes. quantities of enzymes. gating of ion channels. activities of enzymes. All of the answers are correct.

synthesis of enzymes. quantities of enzymes. gating of ion channels. activities of enzymes. All of the answers are correct.

Which gland is named for a nearby prominent cartilage? salivary adrenal thyroid pituitary

thyroid

Thyroxine and calcitonin are secreted by the heart. kidneys. gonads. pituitary gland. thyroid gland.

thyroid gland

The hormone that plays a pivotal role in setting the metabolic rate and thus impacting body temperature is somatotropin. thyroxine. parathyroid hormone. glucagon. calcitonin.

thyroxine

The hormone oxytocin triggers prostate gland contraction. promotes uterine contractions. is produced in the hypothalamus. is responsible for milk expression from the mammary glands. All of the answers are correct.

triggers prostate gland contraction. promotes uterine contractions. is produced in the hypothalamus. is responsible for milk expression from the mammary glands. All of the answers are correct.