Chapter 18: Circulatory System

Methods to Control the Blood

Hemostasis: Fatal Cover Hemostatic

Diseases of a Leukocytes

Leukopenia: Too Little WBC. Leukocytosis: Too Many Leukemia: Uncontrollable Amount

What happens to blood clots when not needed?

Positive feedback is done with a platelet derived growth factor is made by prostacyclin endothelial cells => Fibroblasts => Fibro analysis : creaking up clots because it strong enough to hold on its own.

4. Length of an Erythrocyte Lifetime

a. 1 mil/sec made and last for 120 days bc no nucleus i. 1st part of wall that houses new RBCs ii. Eventually they multiply and synthesize > iii. When time to go it'll becomes a reticulocytes Macrophages eat after they rupture

2. Describe the components and physical properties of blood.

a. 4-6 L in total b. It's a liquid connective tissue i. Plasma: Matrix of Blood a) Light b) Clear c) Yellow Fluid d) 47%-63% ii. Formed Elements a) RBC = Erythrocytes b) WBC = Leukocytes 1) Granulocytes i) Neutrophils ii) Eosinophils iii) Basophils 2) Agranulocytes i) Lymphocytes ii) Monocytes 3) Platelet: Blood fragment from red bone marrow

Describe two reaction pathways to make a blood clot.

a. Coagulation (Clotting) i. Fibrinogen => Fibrin Threads => Clot Frame => Procoagulants => Clot ii. Extrinsic Path: Damage Tissue iii. Intrinsic Path: Factor found in blood platelet degranulation (Destroy) b. Platelet Plug formation Prostacyclin => Platelet Pseudopod to stick to broke => contact => plug => reduce clot

2. Structure and Function of Hemoglobulin

a. Each Hb Molecule is made up of 4 globulins i. Adult has 2 Alpha and Beta \ binds w/ ii. Kids have 2 Alpha and Gamma / C02 b. Determines amount of O2 in RBC

1. ID Structure of RBCs and Function

a. Function is to carry oxygen from lungs to cell tissue and picks up C02 from Tissue => Lungs Structure is like a red pressed donut

Describe the effect of an incompatibility between mother and fetus in Rh Blood Type

a. HDN for RH- Mom and Rh+ Kid ( No Probs with First but with 2nd) b. Rh Blood types form when RH people are exposed to Rh + Blood.

3. State and Define some clinical measurements or RBC and Hemoglobulin quantities

a. Hemoglobulin RBC 13-18 g/dL 4.6-6.2 million U/L 12-16 4.2-5.4 Men/ Women

Disorders

a. Hemophilia: deficiency in clotting factor i. A misses Factor VIII 83% ii. B IX 15% iii. C X autosomal b. Physical Exertion i. Factor XIII ii. Hematomas iii. Thrombosis: clot on blood vessel embolism

Describe the formation and life history of a leukocyte

a. Hemopoietic Stem Cell Myeloblast Monoblast Lymphoblast Granulocytes Monocytes Lymphocytes

Disorders of Erythrocytes

a. If iron, Vit B12, Folic Acid, Vitamin C is Copper there will be a disorder i. Polycythemia: Too many RBC 1) Primary Polycythemia (vera) a) Cancer in RBM i) Hematocrit 80%/ 11 mill 2) Secondary Polycythemia a) Bc of dehydration, high altitudes, physical conditioning b) 8 million RBC It's because more blood volume, pressure and viscosity it increases one's chances of having a stroke. ii. Anemia: There are 3 Types 1) Inadequate erythropoiesis, hemoglobulin synthesis a) Kidney Failure and insufficient erythropoietin b) Iron Deficiency AnemiaPernicious Anemia: Autoimmune attack of stomach tissue => Vit B12 absorption fall c) Hypoplastic Anemia: Slowing of erythropoiesis d) Aplastic Anemia: Complete cessation of erythropoiesis 2) Hemorrhagic Anemia from Bleeding 3) Hemolytic Anemias from RBC DESTRUCTION a) CONSEQUENCES i) Tissue Hypoxia and Necrosis One. Lethargic patient Two. Life threatening necrosis of brain, heart or kidney ii) Blood Osmolarity is Dried iii) Low Blood Viscosity One. Heart Rate and Pressure Drop Two. Cardiac Failure iii. Sickle Cell Disease 1) Black people get it mostly bc of a recessive allele that modifies structure of Hb. 2) Don't mix with oxide 3) RBC => Clumpy, Sticky

Describe the functions and major components of the circulatory system.

a. It consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. b. Functions include: i. Transports a) O2 b) Nutrients c) Wastes d) Hormones e) Stem Cells f) Carbon Dioxide ii. Protecting from: a) Inflammation b) Spread of Infection c) Destroy microorganisms and cancer cells d) Toxins e) Leaks with Clotting Function

What determines a person's ABO & Rh Blood Types and how it relates to transfusion compatibility?

a. One's interactions between plasma proteins and erythrocytes determines blood type and transfusion. b. Blood types are based on interactions between antigens and antibodies. Whether antigens are there or not. c. If there is a D antigen ( agglutinogens) on RBC then that person has an Rh Blood Type. d. Antigens are complex molecules on the surface of a cell membrane that activate an immune response called antibodies. Agglutinins are released if bad. e. Agglutinogens: Basis for blood typing Agglutination = Clotting = Coagulation

What stops blood from clotting when there's no injury to attend to?

a. Platelets are repelled b. Thrombin dilution in normal state blood goes so fast it can't settle to form clots c. Natural anticoagulants i. Heparin Antithrombin

1. General Function and Individual Role of Each LEUKOCYTE.

a. Protects against foreign matter: i. Granulocytes 1) Neutrophils: Responds to Bacteria 2) Eosinophils: Attacks Parasites, collagen disease, allergies and CNS 3) Basophils: Increase when there is a random yet common disease i.e. chicken pox, sinuses, diabetes ii. Agranulocytes 1) Lymphocytes; increase with infections and immune responses (cancer) 2) Monocytes: Increase inflammation and virus

4. Importance of Blood Viscosity and Osmolarity

a. Resists of a fluid to flow bc of a particle's cohesion i. Blood is 4.5x as Water ii. Plasma is 2x than Water

Platelet's Job

a. Secrete vasoconstrictors to reduce blood loss b. Stick together to make plug to seal breaks c. Secrete procoagulants/ clotting factor to promote clotting d. Promote clot-dissolving enzyme formation e. Chemically attract to neutrophils and monocytes of sites of inflammation f. Phagocytize and Destroy Bacteria g. Growth Factors are then made to start mitosis to repair blood vessel.

Describe the composition of Blood Plasma

a. There are 3 categories i. Albumins: Small and most common a) Key for BP, Viscosity, Osmolarity Blood flow and balance ii. Globulins (Antibodies) a) Alpha, Beta, Gamma Globulin iii. Fibrinogen (Key for Blood Clots) As well as nitrogenous compounds (free from tissue break down) (and urea - removed from by kidney), nutrients (glucose, Vit, Fat, Cholesterol, minerals and electrolytes)

How is Blood Made

a. With a Process Called Hemopoiesis i. Hemopoietic Tissue for Blood Cell Red Bone Marrow Yolk Sac • Pluripotent stem cells hemocytoblasts. Stem Cell • Colony Forming Unit. Stem Cells from a specific part of formed elements 1st Blood Cell • Myeloid Hemopoiesis Liver Stops making blood at birth but the spleen keeps it strong • Blood forms with marrow • Lymphoid Hemopoiesis