Chapter 18: Cold war conflicts-- section 3

In 1948, a former Communist spy named Whittaker Chambers accused who of spying for the Soviet Union? To support his charges, Chambers produced microfilm of government documents that he claimed had been typed on the alleged spies typewriter.

Alger Hiss

Too many years had passed for government pros- ecutors to charge who with espionage, but a jury convicted him of perjury—for lying about passing the documents—and sent him to jail?

Alger Hiss

Two spy cases added to fear that was spreading like an epidemic across the coun- try. One case involved a former State Department official named who?

Alger Hiss

Who claimed that he was innocent and that Chambers had forged the docu- ments used against him? However, in the 1990s, Soviet cables released by the National Security Agency seemed to prove who's guilt?

Alger Hiss

The govern- ment investigated union leaders, librarians, newspaper reporters, and scientists. It seemed that no profession was safe from the hunt for what?

Communists

Implicated in the Fuchs case were who and who, minor activists in the American Communist Party?

Ethel and Julius Rosenberg

Consequently, in March 1947, President Truman issued an executive order setting up the what? which included the Loyalty Review Board. Its purpose was to investigate government employees and to dismiss those who were found to be disloyal to the U.S. government.

Federal Employee Loyalty Program

Ten "unfriendly" witnesses were called to testify but refused. These men, known as the what, decided not to cooperate because they believed that the hearings were unconstitutional? Because they refused to answer questions, they were sent to prison.

Hollywood Ten

What committee subpoenaed 43 witnesses from the Hollywood film industry in September 1947? Many of the witnesses were "friendly," supporting the accusation that Communists had infiltrated the film industry. For example, the movie star Gary Cooper said he had "turned down quite a few scripts because I thought they were tinged with Communistic ideas." However, when asked which scripts he meant, Cooper couldn't remember their titles.

House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)

The committee believed that Communists were sneaking propaganda into films. The committee pointed to the pro-Soviet films made during World War II when the Soviet Union had been a United States ally. What committee?

House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC).

The most famous of these was the what?Which first made headlines in 1947, when it began to investigate Communist influence in the movie industry.

House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC).

The Senate condemned him for improper conduct that "tended to bring the Senate into dishonor and disrepute." Three years later, who suffering from alcoholism, died a broken man?

Joseph McCarthy

The most famous anti-Communist activist was Senator who, a Republican from Wisconsin?

Joseph McCarthy

Who and who died in the electric chair in June 1953, leaving behind two sons? They became the first U.S. civilians executed for espionage.

Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

In 1950, the German-born physicist who admitted giving the Soviet Union information about America's atomic bomb?

Klaus Fuchs

Congress passed the what? This made it unlawful to plan any action that might lead to the establishment of a totalitarian dictator- ship in the United States. Truman vetoed the bill, saying, "In a free country, we punish men for the crimes they commit, but never for the opinions they have." But Congress enacted the law over Truman's veto.

McCarran Internal Security Act

At various times who claimed to have in his hands the names of 57, 81, and 205 Communists in the State Department? (He never actually produced a single name.) He also charged that the Democratic Party was guilty of "20 years of treason" for allowing Communist infiltration into the government. He was always careful to do his name-calling only in the Senate, where he had legal immunity that protected him from being sued for slander.

McCarthy

During his first three years in the Senate, he had acquired a reputation for being an ineffective legislator. By January 1950, he realized that he was going to need a winning issue in order to be reelected in 1952. Looking for such an issue, who charged that Communists were taking over the government?

McCarthy

Finally, in 1954, who made accusations against the U.S. Army, which resulted in a nationally televised Senate investigation? Who's bullying of witnesses alienated the audience and cost him public support?

McCarthy

Taking advantage of people's concerns about communism, who made one unsupported accusation after another?

McCarthy

These attacks on suspected Communists in the early 1950s became known as what? Since that time, what has referred to the unfair tactic of accusing people of disloyalty without providing evidence?

McCarthyism

Who were found guilty of espionage and sentenced to death? In pronouncing their sentence, Judge Irving Kaufman declared their crime "worse than murder." To him, they were directly responsible for one of the deadliest clashes of the Cold War.

The Rosenberg's

By 1953, 39 states had passed laws making it illegal to do what? even though such laws clearly violated the constitutional right of free speech.

advocate the violent overthrow of the government

In response to the hearings, Hollywood executives instituted a what? A list of people whom they condemned for having a Communist background. People who were blacklisted—approximately 500 actors, writers, producers, and directors—had their careers ruined because they could no longer work.

blacklist

named as unfit to hire is?

blacklisted

When asked if they were Communists, who denied the charges against them and pleaded the Fifth Amendment, choosing not to incriminate themselves? They claimed they were being persecuted both for being Jewish and for holding radical beliefs.

the Rosenbergs