Chapter 18: Fetal Assessment During Labor

The nurse caring for the woman in labor should understand that decreased variability of the fetal heart rate would be considered benign if caused by: A. A periodic fetal sleep state B. Uterine palpation C. Uterine contractions D. Maternal activity

A A. Correct: Periodic fetal sleep states usually last 20 to 30 minutes. B. Incorrect: Uterine palpations and contractions, as well as maternal activity, might be (probably) benign signs of increased variability. C. Incorrect: Uterine palpations and contractions, as well as maternal activity, might be (probably) benign signs of increased variability. D. Incorrect: Uterine palpations and contractions, as well as maternal activity, might be (probably) benign signs of increased variability. p. 502

The nurse providing care for the laboring woman should understand that amnioinfusion is used to treat: A. Variable decelerations B. Late decelerations C. Fetal bradycardia D. Fetal tachycardia

A A. Correct: Amnioinfusion is used during labor either to dilute meconium-stained amniotic fluid or to supplement the amount of amniotic fluid to reduce the severity of variable decelerations caused by cord compression. B. Incorrect: Amnioinfusion has no bearing on this alteration in FHR tracings. C. Incorrect: Amnioinfusion has no bearing on this alteration in FHR tracings. D. Incorrect: Amnioinfusion has no bearing on this alteration in FHR tracings. p. 508

A normal uterine activity (UA) pattern in labor is characterized by: A. Contractions every 2 to 5 minutes B. Contractions lasting about 2 minutes C. Contractions about 1 minute apart D. A contraction intensity of about 1000 mm Hg with relaxation at 50 mm Hg

A A. Correct: Contractions normally occur every 2 to 5 minutes and last less than 90 seconds (intensity 800 mm Hg) with about 30 seconds in between (20 mm Hg or less). B. Incorrect: Contractions normally occur every 2 to 5 minutes and last less than 90 seconds (intensity 800 mm Hg) with about 30 seconds in between (20 mm Hg or less). C. Incorrect: Contractions normally occur every 2 to 5 minutes and last less than 90 seconds (intensity 800 mm Hg) with about 30 seconds in between (20 mm Hg or less). D. Incorrect: Contractions normally occur every 2 to 5 minutes and last less than 90 seconds (intensity 800 mm Hg) with about 30 seconds in between (20 mm Hg or less). p. 498

Which deceleration of the FHR would NOT require the nurse to change the maternal position? A. Early decelerations B. Late decelerations C. Variable decelerations D. It is always a good idea to change the woman's position.

A A. Correct: Early decelerations (and accelerations) generally do not need any nursing intervention. B. Incorrect: Late decelerations suggest that the nurse should change the maternal position (lateral); variable decelerations also require a maternal position change (side to side). C. Incorrect: Late decelerations suggest that the nurse should change the maternal position (lateral); variable decelerations also require a maternal position change (side to side). D. Incorrect: Although changing positions throughout labor is recommended, it is not required in response to early decelerations. p. 505

The nurse caring for the laboring woman should understand that early decelerations are caused by: A. Altered fetal cerebral blood flow B. Umbilical cord compression C. Uteroplacental insufficiency D. Spontaneous rupture of membranes

A A. Correct: Early decelerations are the fetus's response to fetal head compression. B. Incorrect: Variable decelerations are associated with umbilical cord compression. C. Incorrect: Late decelerations are associated with uteroplacental insufficiency. D. Incorrect: Spontaneous rupture of membranes has no bearing on the FHR unless the umbilical cord prolapses, which would result in variable or prolonged bradycardia. p. 507

The nurse providing care for the laboring woman should understand that accelerations with fetal movement: A. Are reassuring B. Are caused by umbilical cord compression C. Warrant close observation D. Are caused by uteroplacental insufficiency

A A. Correct: Episodic accelerations in the FHR occur during fetal movement and are indications of fetal well-being. B. Incorrect: Umbilical cord compression results in variable decelerations in the FHR. C. Incorrect: Accelerations in the FHR are an indication of fetal well-being and do not warrant close observation. D. Incorrect: Uteroplacental insufficiency would result in late decelerations in the FHR. p. 504

Fetal tachycardia is most common during: A. Maternal fever B. Umbilical cord prolapse C. Regional anesthesia D. MgSO4 administration

A A. Correct: Fetal tachycardia can be considered an early sign of fetal hypoxemia and can also result from maternal or fetal infection. B. Incorrect: This situation most likely would result in fetal bradycardia, not tachycardia. C. Incorrect: This situation most likely would result in fetal bradycardia, not tachycardia. D. Incorrect: This situation most likely would result in fetal bradycardia, not tachycardia. p. 505

Fetal well-being during labor is assessed by: A. The response of the FHR to uterine contractions (UCs) B. Maternal pain control C. Accelerations in the FHR D. An FHR above 110 beats/min

A A. Correct: Fetal well-being during labor can be measured by the response of the FHR to UCs. In general, reassuring FHR patterns are characterized by an FHR baseline in the range of 110 to 160 beats/min with no periodic changes and a moderate baseline variability, and accelerations with fetal movement. B. Incorrect: Maternal pain control is not the measure used to determine fetal well-being in labor. C. Incorrect: Although FHR accelerations are a reassuring pattern, they are only one component of the criteria by which fetal well-being is assessed. D. Incorrect: Although an FHR above 110 beats/min may be reassuring, it is only one component of the criteria by which fetal well-being is assessed. More information would be needed to determine fetal well-being. p. 498

While evaluating an external monitor tracing of a woman in active labor, the nurse notes that the fetal heart rate (FHR) for five sequential contractions begins to decelerate late in the contraction, with the nadir of the decelerations occurring after the peak of the contraction. The nurse's first priority is to: A. Change the woman's position B. Notify the care provider C. Assist with amnioinfusion D. Insert a scalp electrode

A A. Correct: Late decelerations may be caused by maternal supine hypotension syndrome. They usually are corrected when the woman turns on her side to displace the weight of the gravid uterus from the vena cava. B. Incorrect: If the fetus does not respond to primary nursing interventions for late decelerations, the nurse would continue with subsequent intrauterine resuscitation measures, including notifying the care provider. C. Incorrect: An amnioinfusion may be used to relieve pressure on an umbilical cord that has not prolapsed. The fetal heart rate pattern associated with this situation most likely reveals variable deceleration. D. Incorrect: A fetal scalp electrode would provide accurate data for evaluating the well-being of the fetus; however, this is not a nursing intervention that would alleviate late decelerations, nor is it the nurse's first priority. p. 507

The nurse caring for a laboring woman is aware that maternal cardiac output can be increased by: A. Change in position B. Oxytocin administration C. Regional anesthesia D. Intravenous analgesic

A A. Correct: Maternal supine hypotension syndrome is caused by the weight and pressure of the gravid uterus on the ascending vena cava when the woman is in a supine position. This reduces venous return to the woman's heart, as well as cardiac output, and subsequently reduces her blood pressure. The nurse can encourage the woman to change positions and to avoid the supine position. B. Incorrect: This intervention may reduce maternal cardiac output. C. Incorrect: This intervention may reduce maternal cardiac output. D. Incorrect: This intervention may reduce maternal cardiac output. p. 503

Perinatal nurses are legally responsible for: A. Correctly interpreting FHR patterns, initiating appropriate nursing interventions, and documenting the outcomes B. Greeting the client on arrival, assessing her, and starting an IV line C. Applying the external fetal monitor and notifying the care provider D. Making sure the woman is comfortable

A A. Correct: Nurses who care for women during childbirth are legally responsible for correctly interpreting FHR patterns, initiating appropriate nursing interventions based on those patterns, and documenting the outcomes of those interventions. B. Incorrect: This may be an activity that a nurse performs, but it is not an activity for which the nurse is legally responsible. C. Incorrect: This may be an activity that a nurse performs, but it is not an activity for which the nurse is legally responsible. D. Incorrect: This is one aspect of caring for a woman in labor, but it is not an activity for which the nurse is legally responsible. p. 511

When using IA to assess uterine activity, nurses should be aware that: A. The examiner's hand should be placed over the fundus before, during, and after contractions. B. The frequency and duration of contractions is measured in seconds for consistency. C. Contraction intensity is given a judgment number of 1 to 7 by the nurse and client together. D. The resting tone between contractions is described as either placid or turbulent.

A A. Correct: The assessment is done by palpation; duration, frequency, intensity, and resting tone must be assessed. B. Incorrect: The duration of contractions is measured in seconds; the frequency is measured in minutes. C. Incorrect: The intensity of contractions usually is described as mild, moderate, or strong. D. Incorrect: The resting tone usually is characterized as soft or relaxed. p. 500

In assisting with the two factors that have an effect on fetal status, namely pushing and positioning, nurses should: A. Encourage the woman's cooperation in avoiding the supine position B. Advise the woman to avoid the semi-Fowler position C. Encourage the woman to hold her breath and tighten her abdominal muscles to produce a vaginal response D. Instruct the woman to open her mouth and close her glottis, letting air escape after the push

A A. Correct: The woman should maintain a side-lying position. B. Incorrect: The semi-Fowler position is the recommended side-lying position with a lateral tilt to the uterus. C. Incorrect: This is the Valsalva maneuver, which should be avoided. D. Incorrect: Both the mouth and glottis should be open, letting air escape during the push. p. 516

Fetal tachycardia is most common during: A. Maternal fever B. Umbilical cord prolapse C. Regional anesthesia D. MgSO4 administration

A A. Maternal fever Correct: Fetal tachycardia can be considered an early sign of fetal hypoxemia and can also result from maternal or fetal infection. B. Umbilical cord prolapse Incorrect: This situation most likely would result in fetal bradycardia, not tachycardia. C. Regional anesthesia Incorrect: This situation most likely would result in fetal bradycardia, not tachycardia. D. MgSO4 administration Incorrect: This situation most likely would result in fetal bradycardia, not tachycardia. p. 505

The nurse providing care for the laboring woman should understand that variable FHR decelerations are caused by: A. Altered fetal cerebral blood flow B. Umbilical cord compression C. Uteroplacental insufficiency D. Fetal hypoxemia

B A. Incorrect: Altered fetal cerebral blood flow would result in early decelerations in the FHR. B. Correct: Variable decelerations can occur any time during the uterine contracting phase and are caused by compression of the umbilical cord. C. Incorrect: Uteroplacental insufficiency would result in late decelerations in the FHR. D. Incorrect: Fetal hypoxemia would result in tachycardia initially, then bradycardia if hypoxia continues. p. 507

During labor a fetus with an average heart rate of 135 beats/min over a 10-minute period would be considered to have: A. Bradycardia B. A normal baseline heart rate C. Tachycardia D. Hypoxia

B A. Incorrect: Bradycardia is an FHR below 110 beats/min for 10 minutes or longer. B. Correct: The baseline heart rate is measured over 10 minutes; a normal range is 110 to 160 beats/min. C. Incorrect: Tachycardia is an FHR over 160 beats/min for 10 minutes or longer. D. Incorrect: Hypoxia is an inadequate supply of oxygen; no indication of this condition exists with a baseline heart rate in the normal range. p. 502

What correctly matches the type of deceleration with its likely cause? A. Early deceleration—umbilical cord compression B. Late deceleration—uteroplacental inefficiency C. Variable deceleration—head compression D. Prolonged deceleration—cause unknown

B A. Incorrect: Early deceleration is caused by head compression. B. Correct: Late deceleration is caused by uteroplacental inefficiency. C. Incorrect: Variable deceleration is caused by umbilical cord compression. D. Incorrect: Prolonged deceleration has a variety of either benign or critical causes. p. 507

What three measures should the nurse implement to provide intrauterine resuscitation? Select the best response that indicates the priority of actions that should be taken, starting with the most important. A. Call the provider, reposition the mother, and perform a vaginal exam B. Reposition the mother, increase IV fluid, and provide oxygen via face mask C. Administer oxygen to the mother, increase IV fluid, and notify the care provider D. Perform a vaginal exam, reposition the mother, and provide oxygen via face mask

B A. Incorrect: The nurse should initiate intrauterine resuscitation in an ABC manner, similar to basic life support. The first priority is to open the maternal and fetal vascular systems by repositioning the mother for improved perfusion. The second priority is to increase blood volume by increasing the IV fluid. The third priority is to optimize oxygenation of the circulatory volume by providing oxygen via face mask. If these interventions do not resolve the fetal heart rate issue quickly, the primary provider should be notified immediately. B. Correct: These are the correct nursing actions for intrauterine resuscitation. C. Incorrect: The nurse should initiate intrauterine resuscitation in an ABC manner, similar to basic life support. The first priority is to open the maternal and fetal vascular systems by repositioning the mother for improved perfusion. The second priority is to increase blood volume by increasing the IV fluid. The third priority is to optimize oxygenation of the circulatory volume by providing oxygen via face mask. If these interventions do not resolve the fetal heart rate issue quickly, the primary provider should be notified immediately. D. Incorrect: The nurse should initiate intrauterine resuscitation in an ABC manner, similar to basic life support. The first priority is to open the maternal and fetal vascular systems by repositioning the mother for improved perfusion. The second priority is to increase blood volume by increasing the IV fluid. The third priority is to optimize oxygenation of the circulatory volume by providing oxygen via face mask. If these interventions do not resolve the fetal heart rate issue quickly, the primary provider should be notified immediately. p. 513

A new client and her partner arrive on the labor, delivery, recovery, and postpartum (LDRP) unit for the birth of their first child. You apply the EFM to the woman. Her partner asks you to explain what is printing on the graph, referring to the EFM strip. He wants to know what the baby's heart rate should be. Your best response is: A. "Don't worry about that machine; that's my job." B. "The top line graphs the baby's heart rate. Generally, the heart rate is between 110 and 160. The heart rate will fluctuate in response to what is happening during labor." C. "The top line graphs the baby's heart rate, and the bottom line lets me know how strong the contractions are." D. "Your doctor will explain all of that later."

B A. Incorrect: This discredits the partner's feelings and does not provide the teaching he is requesting. B. Correct: This statement educates the partner about fetal monitoring and provides support and information to alleviate his fears. C. Incorrect: This statement provides inaccurate information and does not address the partner's concerns about the fetal heart rate. The EFM graphs the frequency and duration of the contractions, not the intensity. D. Incorrect: Nurses should take every opportunity to provide client and family teaching, especially when information is requested. pp. 501-502

The nurse providing care for the laboring woman should understand that late FHR decelerations are caused by: A. Altered cerebral blood flow B. Umbilical cord compression C. Uteroplacental insufficiency D. Meconium fluid

C A. Incorrect: Altered fetal cerebral blood flow would result in early decelerations in the FHR. B. Incorrect: Umbilical cord compression would result in variable decelerations in the FHR. C. Correct: Uteroplacental insufficiency would result in late decelerations in the FHR. D. Incorrect: Meconium-stained fluid may or may not produce changes in the fetal heart rate, depending on the gestational age of the fetus and whether other causative factors associated with fetal distress are present. p. 507

According to standard professional thinking, nurses should auscultate the FHR: A. Every 15 minutes in the active phase of the first stage of labor in the absence of risk factors B. Every 20 minutes in the second stage regardless of whether risk factors are present C. Before and after ambulation and rupture of membranes D. More often in a woman's first pregnancy

C A. Incorrect: In the active phase of the first stage of labor, the FHR should be auscultated every 30 minutes if no risk factors are involved; with risk factors, it should be auscultated every 15 minutes. B. Incorrect: In the second stage of labor, the FHR should be auscultated every 15 minutes if no risk factors are involved; with risk factors, it should be auscultated every 5 minutes. C. Correct: The FHR should be auscultated before and after administration of medications and induction of anesthesia. D. Incorrect: The fetus of a first-time mother is automatically at greater risk. p. 499

The nurse caring for the woman in labor should understand that maternal hypotension can result in: A. Early decelerations B. Fetal dysrhythmias C. Uteroplacental insufficiency D. Spontaneous rupture of membranes

C A. Incorrect: Maternal hypotension is not associated with this condition. B. Incorrect: Maternal hypotension is not associated with this condition. C. Correct: Low maternal blood pressure reduces placental blood flow during uterine contractions, resulting in fetal hypoxemia. D. Incorrect: Maternal hypotension is not associated with this condition. p. 503

The nurse caring for the woman in labor should understand that increased variability of the fetal heart rate might be caused by: A. Narcotics B. Barbiturates C. Methamphetamines D. Tranquilizers

C A. Incorrect: Narcotics, barbiturates, and tranquilizers might be causes of decreased variability; methamphetamines might cause increased variability. B. Incorrect: Narcotics, barbiturates, and tranquilizers might be causes of decreased variability; methamphetamines might cause increased variability. C. Correct: Narcotics, barbiturates, and tranquilizers might be causes of decreased variability; methamphetamines might cause increased variability. D. Incorrect: Narcotics, barbiturates, and tranquilizers might be causes of decreased variability; methamphetamines might cause increased variability. p. 503-504

The nurse caring for a woman in labor understands that prolonged decelerations: A. Are a continuing pattern of benign decelerations that do not require intervention B. Constitute a baseline change when they last longer than 5 minutes C. Usually are isolated events that end spontaneously D. Require the usual fetal monitoring by the nurse

C A. Incorrect: Prolonged decelerations usually are isolated events that end spontaneously. However, in certain combinations with late and/or variable decelerations, they are a danger sign that requires the nurse to notify the physician or midwife immediately. B. Incorrect: A deceleration that lasts longer than 10 minutes constitutes a baseline change. Prolonged decelerations usually are isolated events that end spontaneously. However, in certain combinations with late and/or variable decelerations, they are a danger sign that requires the nurse to notify the physician or midwife immediately. C. Correct: Prolonged decelerations usually are isolated events that end spontaneously. However, in certain combinations with late and/or variable decelerations, they are a danger sign that requires the nurse to notify the physician or midwife immediately. D. Incorrect: Prolonged decelerations usually are isolated events that end spontaneously. However, in certain combinations with late and/or variable decelerations, they are a danger sign that requires the nurse to notify the physician or midwife immediately. p. 509

A number of methods to assist in the assessment of fetal well-being have been developed for use in conjunction with electronic fetal monitoring (EFM). These various technologies assist in supporting interventions for a nonreassuring fetal heart rate pattern when necessary. The labor and delivery nurse should be aware that one of these modalities, fetal oxygen saturation monitoring, includes the use of: A. A fetal acoustic stimulator B. Fetal blood sampling C. Fetal pulse oximetry D. Umbilical cord acid-base determination

C A. Incorrect: Stimulation of the fetus is done in an effort to elicit a fetal heart rate response. The two acceptable methods of achieving this result are the use of fetal scalp stimulation or vibroacoustic stimulation. Vibroacoustic stimulation is performed by using an artificial larynx or fetal acoustic stimulation device over the fetal head for 1 or 2 seconds. B. Incorrect: Sampling of the fetal scalp blood was designed to assess fetal pH, O2, and CO2. The sample is obtained from the fetal scalp through a dilated cervix. This test is usually done in tertiary care centers, where results can be immediately available. It has recently fallen out of favor because test results vary widely. C. Correct: Continuous monitoring of the fetal O2 saturation by fetal pulse oximetry is a method that was approved for clinical use in 2000 by the FDA. This process works in a similar method to obtaining a pulse oximetry in a child or adult. A specially designed sensor is inserted into the uterus and lies against the fetus's temple or cheek. A normal result is 30% to 70%, with 30% being the cutoff for further intervention. D. Incorrect: This test is not completed until after birth. Cord blood is drawn from the umbilical artery and tested for pH, O2, and CO2. pp. 513-516

What is an advantage of external electronic fetal monitoring? A. The ultrasound transducer can accurately measure short-term variability and beat-to-beat changes in the FHR. B. The tocotransducer can measure and record the frequency, regularity, intensity, and approximate duration of UCs. C. The tocotransducer is especially valuable for measuring UA during the first stage of labor. D. Once correctly applied by the nurse, the transducer need not be repositioned even when the woman changes positions.

C A. Incorrect: These short-term changes cannot be measured with this technology. B. Incorrect: The tocotransducer cannot measure and record the intensity of UCs. C. Correct: This is especially true when the membranes are intact. D. Incorrect: The transducer must be repositioned when the woman or the fetus changes position. p. 500

Fetal bradycardia is most common during: A. Intraamniotic infection B. Fetal anemia C. Prolonged umbilical cord compression D. Tocolytic treatment using ritodrine

C A. Incorrect: This circumstance most likely would result in fetal tachycardia. B. Incorrect: This circumstance most likely would result in fetal tachycardia. C. Correct: Fetal bradycardia can be considered a later sign of fetal hypoxia and is known to occur before fetal death. Bradycardia can result from placental transfer of drugs, prolonged compression of the umbilical cord, maternal hypothermia, and maternal hypotension. D. Incorrect: This circumstance most likely would result in fetal tachycardia. p. 503

Which FHR finding would concern the nurse during labor? A. Accelerations with fetal movement B. Early decelerations C. An average FHR of 126 beats/min D. Late decelerations

D A. Incorrect: Accelerations in the FHR are an indication of fetal well-being. B. Incorrect: Early decelerations in the FHR are associated with head compression as the fetus descends into the maternal pelvic outlet; they generally are not a concern during normal labor. C. Incorrect: This FHR finding is normal and not a concern. D. Correct: Late decelerations are caused by uteroplacental insufficiency and are associated with fetal hypoxemia. They are considered ominous if persistent and uncorrected. p. 507

The most common cause of decreased variability in the FHR that lasts 30 minutes or less is: A. Altered cerebral blood flow B. Fetal hypoxemia C. Umbilical cord compression D. Fetal sleep cycles

D A. Incorrect: Altered fetal cerebral blood flow would result in early decelerations in the FHR. B. Incorrect: Fetal hypoxemia would be evidenced by tachycardia initially and then bradycardia. A persistent decrease or loss of FHR variability may be seen. C. Incorrect: Umbilical cord compression would result in variable decelerations in the FHR. D. Correct: A temporary decrease in variability can occur when the fetus is in a sleep state. These sleep states do not usually last longer than 30 minutes. p. 502

As a perinatal nurse, you realize that an FHR that is tachycardic, bradycardic, has late decelerations, or loss of variability is nonreassuring and is associated with: A. Hypotension B. Cord compression C. Maternal drug use D. Hypoxemia

D A. Incorrect: Fetal bradycardia may be associated with maternal hypotension. B. Incorrect: Fetal variable decelerations are associated with cord compression. C. Incorrect: Maternal drug use is associated with fetal tachycardia. D. Correct: Nonreassuring heart rate patterns are associated with fetal hypoxemia. pp. 502-503

A nurse might be called on to stimulate the fetal scalp: A. As part of fetal scalp blood sampling B. In response to tocolysis C. In preparation for fetal oxygen saturation monitoring D. To elicit an acceleration in the FHR

D A. Incorrect: Fetal scalp blood sampling involves swabbing the scalp with disinfectant before a sample is collected. The nurse would stimulate the fetal scalp to elicit an acceleration of the FHR. B. Incorrect: Tocolysis is relaxation of the uterus. The nurse would stimulate the fetal scalp to elicit an acceleration of the FHR. C. Incorrect: Fetal oxygen saturation monitoring involves the insertion of a sensor. The nurse would stimulate the fetal scalp to elicit an acceleration of the FHR. D. Correct: The scalp can be stimulated using digital pressure during a vaginal examination. p. 513

When assessing the relative advantages and disadvantages of internal and external electronic fetal monitoring, nurses should be aware that both: A. Can be used when membranes are intact B. Measure the frequency, duration, and intensity of UCs C. May need to rely on the woman to indicate when UA is occurring D. Can be used during the antepartum and intrapartum periods

D A. Incorrect: For internal monitoring, the membranes must have ruptured and the cervix must be sufficiently dilated. B. Incorrect: Internal monitoring measures the intensity of contractions; external monitoring cannot do this. C. Incorrect: With external monitoring, the woman may need to alert the nurse that UA is occurring; internal monitoring does not require this. D. Correct: External monitoring can be used in both periods; internal monitoring can be used only in the intrapartum period. p. 500

Nurses should be aware that accelerations in the fetal heart rate: A. Are indications of fetal well-being when they are periodic B. Are greater and longer in preterm gestations C. Are usually seen with breech presentations when they are episodic D. May visibly resemble the shape of the uterine contraction

D A. Incorrect: Periodic accelerations occur with UC and usually are seen with breech presentations. Episodic accelerations occur during fetal movement and are indications of fetal well-being. B. Incorrect: Preterm accelerations peak at 10 beats/min above the baseline and last for at least 10 seconds, not 15 seconds. C. Incorrect: Periodic accelerations occur with UC and usually are seen with breech presentations. Episodic accelerations occur during fetal movement and are indications of fetal well-being. D. Correct: They may resemble the shape of the uterine contraction or may be spikelike. p. 507

While evaluating an external monitor tracing of a woman in active labor whose labor is being induced, the nurse notes that the FHR begins to decelerate at the onset of several contractions and returns to baseline before each contraction ends. The nurse should: A. Change the woman's position B. Discontinue the oxytocin infusion C. Insert an internal monitor D. Document the finding in the client's record

D A. Incorrect: The FHR indicates early decelerations, which are not an ominous sign and do not require any intervention. The nurse should simply document these findings. B. Incorrect: The presence of early decelerations is not an ominous sign and does not require any intervention. C. Incorrect: The presence of early decelerations is not an ominous sign and does not require any intervention. D. Correct: The FHR indicates early decelerations, which are not an ominous sign and do not require any intervention. The nurse should simply document these findings. p. 509

You are evaluating the fetal monitor tracing of your client, who is in active labor. Suddenly, you see the FHR drop from its baseline of 125 down to 80. You reposition the mother, provide oxygen, increase intravenous (IV) fluid, and perform a vaginal exam. The cervix has not changed. Five minutes have passed, and the fetal heart rates remain in the 80s. What additional nursing measures should you take? A. Scream for help B. Insert a Foley catheter C. Start pitocin D. Notify the care provider immediately

D A. Incorrect: This is an inappropriate nursing action. B. Incorrect: If the FHR were to continue in a nonreassuring pattern, a cesarean section may be warranted, which would require a Foley catheter. However, the physician must make that determination. C. Incorrect: Pitocin may put additional stress on the fetus. D. Correct: To relieve an FHR deceleration, the nurse can reposition the mother, increase IV fluid, and provide oxygen. Also, if oxytocin is infusing, it should be discontinued. If the FHR does not resolve, the primary care provider should be notified immediately. p. 511

When using IA for FHR, nurses should be aware that: A. They can be expected to cover only two or three clients when IA is the primary method of fetal assessment. B. The best course is to use the descriptive terms associated with EFM when documenting results. C. If the heartbeat cannot be found immediately, a shift must be made to electronic monitoring. D. Ultrasound can be used to find the fetal heartbeat and reassure the mother if initial difficulty was a factor.

D A. Incorrect: When used as the primary method of fetal assessment, auscultation requires a nurse-to-client ratio of one to one. B. Incorrect: Documentation should use only terms that can be numerically defined; the usual visual descriptions of EFM are inappropriate. C. Incorrect: Locating fetal heartbeats often takes time. Mothers can be reassured verbally and by the ultrasound pictures if that device is used to help locate the heartbeat. D. Correct: Locating fetal heartbeats often takes time. Mothers can be reassured verbally and by the ultrasound pictures if that device is used to help locate the heartbeat. p. 500

External fetal monitoring cannot detect the ____________________ of uterine contractions.

intensity p. 500