Chapter 18- The Expansion of Europe
In the eighteenth century, the biggest increase in British foreign trade was with
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Population growth in Europe in the eighteenth century
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The British won the American component of the Seven Years' War because
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Who provided the labor force for Britain's initial colonization of Australia?
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Which of the following best describes the open-field system of the Middle Ages?
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Which of the following correctly characterizes eighteenth-century colonial trade in Europe?
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Economic Liberalism
A belief in free trade and competition based on Adam Smith's argument that the invisible hand of free competition would benefit all individuals, rich and poor.
The English Navigation Acts mandated that all English imports and exports be transported on English ships, and they also
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The War of the Austrian Succession could best be described as
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Treaty of Paris
The treaty that ended the Seven Years' War in Europe and the colonies in 1763 and ratified British victory on all colonial fronts.
Which of the following best characterizes the condition of the peasant in Western Europe in the eighteenth century?
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With the development of Spanish colonial society, by the eighteenth century
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Debt Patronage
A form of serfdom that allowed a planter or rancher to keep his workers or slaves in perpetual debt bondage by periodically advancing food, shelter, and a little money.
Putting-Out System
The eighteenth-century system of rural industry in which a merchant loaned raw materials to cottage workers, who processed them and returned the finished products to the merchant.
Guild System
The organization of artisanal production into trade-based associations, or guilds, each of which received a monopoly over its trade and the right to train apprentices and hire workers.
Among the laboring classes, guild masters
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At the center of Adam Smith's arguments in The Wealth of Nations was the belief that
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Between 1650 and 1790, a crucial component of the global economy was established when European nations developed
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Within the family, the operation of the loom
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How did the problem of food shortages change in the eighteenth century?
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In Africa, the slave trade primarily resulted in
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In the eighteenth century, the advocates for agricultural innovation argued that...
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Why did the Dutch fail to maintain their dominance in Asia?
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Mercantilism
A system of economic regulations aimed at increasing the power of the state.
The Englishman Jethro Tull...
Sought to critically analyze farming methods and develop better methods about farming through empirical research.
Atlantic Slave Trade
The forced migration of Africans across the Atlantic for slave labor on plantations and in other industries; the trade reached its peak in the eighteenth century and ultimately involved almost twelve million Africans.
Enclosure
The movement to fence in fields in order to farm more effectively, at the expense of poor peasants who relied on common fields for farming and pasture.
Industrious Revolution
The shift that occurred as families in northwestern Europe focused on earning wages instead of producing goods for household consumption; this reduced their economic self-sufficiency but increased their ability to purchase consumer goods.
Proletarianization
The transformation of large numbers of small peasant farmers into landless rural wage earners.
Navigation Acts
A series of English laws that controlled the import of goods to Britain and British colonies.
Cottage Industry
A stage of industrial development in which rural workers used hand tools in their homes to manufacture goods on a large scale for sale in a market.
The spinning of thread for the loom
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From 1701 to 1763, what was at stake in the warfare between Great Britain and France?
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The idea of the industrious revolution is best understood as a result of
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The leadership of the Dutch people in farming methodology can be attributed primarily to
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The rural putting-out system had all of the following competitive advantages except
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Throughout the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, armies affected population growth in all of the following ways except
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Which of the following correctly characterizes the transformation of the English and Scottish countryside in the enclosure era?
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Agricultural Revolution
The period in Europe from the mid-seventeenth through the mid-nineteenth centuries during which great agricultural progress was made and the fallow, or idling of a field to replenish nutrients, was gradually eliminated.