Chapter 18 Vocab

Morrill Act of 1862

"land-grant" colleges acquired space for campuses in return for promising to institute agricultural programs

Potlatch

A Native American celebration meant to show wealth and divide property among the people

Crazy Horse

A Native American leader of the Ogala Sioux who led his tribe in the second Sioux War. He led the Battle of the Little Bighorn in 1876 by surrounding Colonel George Custer's army. Defiant warrior who was stabbed fatally while under arrest at a US army camp.

Black Elk

A Sioux Medicine Man and Holy Man. Had many visions that helped him take a on an almost leader-like role. Fought the US Calvary many times. Second cousin of Crazy Horse

Santa Fe Ring

A group of white lawyers, politicians, and land speculators who stole land rights in South-Western America (New Mexico, Northern Mexico)

No man's land

A term for land that is unoccupied or under dispute between parties.

National Reclamation Act

Added 1 million acres of irrigated land. Diverted water and totally transformed the landscape

Bonanza Kings

Also called the Silver Kings, was a nickname given to the four men who started a stock brokerage called Flood and O'Brien, more commonly known as the Bonanza Firm. Bonanza is a Spanish term, meaning a rich ore body; in 1873, after gaining control of the Consolidated Virginia Mining Company, they discovered a large vertical ore body more than 1,200 feet deep which became known as the "big bonanza".

Sand Creek massacre

An atrocity in the Indian wars of the United States that occurred on November 29, 1864, when a 700-man force of Colorado territory militia attacked and destroyed a village of friendly Cheyenne and Arapaho encamped in southeastern Colorado Territory.

Bozeman Trail

An overland route connecting the gold rush of Montana to the Oregon Trail. The flow of pioneers and settlers through territory of American Indians provoked their resentment and caused attacks.

Little Bighorn

Battle between Custer's Seventh Cavalry and the Sioux, Custer's Seventh was decimated

Butte

Boomtown in Montana famous for its copper mine, saloons, and red light district.

Deadwood Dick

Character created by Edward L. Wheeler. Real life cowboys who lived in Deadwood used the name to their advantage, like African American cowboy Nat Love.

Range Wars

Conflicts between sheep herders and cow herders; sheep would often decimate the local grasses and take over grazing areas, making the land unable to support other livestock

California Citrus Growers' Association

Described oranges as a necessity for good health, invented the trademark "Sunkist" to be put on each orange.

Sitting Bull

Famous spiritual leader of the Sioux during Custer's Last Stand.

Dime Novels

First "westerns". Sold in 1860's in editions of 50,000 or more. Reflected myths of the "Wild West"

Yellowstone

First national park. Created in 1872

Land Rush

Former Indian territory was opened to white settlement in 1889. Possession was through a land run - whoever could stake their claim first. Some 50,000 settlers competed in the race and it marked the last of the govt. lands being opened for settlement in the West.

Cheyennes

Indian people who became nomadic buffalo hunters after migrating to the Great Plains in the eighteenth century, of the Algonquian language family. The ________ Nation is composed of two united tribes, the Só'taeo'o (more commonly spelled asSutaio) and the Tsétsêhéstâhese (more commonly spelled as Tsitsistas).

Chief Joseph

Leader of Nez Perce. Fled with his tribe to Canada instead of reservations. However, US troops came and fought and brought them back down to reservations

George Custer

Lieutenant Colonel, this Civil war her lead an expedition to the Black Hills in 1874. He lead the Battle of Little Big Horn.

Wyatt Earp

Local police officer (alongside Bill Hickok), who mainly worked to keep rowdy cowboys under control

"Wild Bill" Hickok

Local police officer (alongside Wyatt Earp), who mainly worked to keep rowdy cowboys under control

Cinco de Mayo

Mexican holiday marking the date when Mexico beat France at Puebla in 1862

Red Cloud

Oglala Warrior who fought the US Government to a stalemate and forced them to abandon their forts during the Great Sioux War of 1865-67.

Wallowa

Old Chief Joseph was leader of the Wallowa Band and one of the first Nez Percé converts to Christianity and vigorous advocate of the tribe's early peace with whites, father of Chief Joseph; the Wallowa band fought back when the U.S. government tried to move them to reservations. Home of the Nez Perce Indians which at first was guaranteed by US Grant but later open to white settlers in 1875.

Treaty of Fort Laramie

Signed in 1868, this treaty created the Great Sioux Reservation, which included the present State of South Dakota west of the Missouri. This only brought temporary peace to the region.

United States v. Reynolds

Supreme Court case in which it was acknowledged that American citizens have freedom of religion, but not freedom of practice. (This was in response to the rising Mormon power and polygamy)

Flatheads

The Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Reservation are the Bitterroot Salish, Kootenai and Pend d'Oreilles tribes. The Flatheads lived between the Cascade Mountains and Rocky Mountains.

Greasy Grass

The Native American's name for the battle of Little Bighorn.

Great Sioux War

The Sioux tribe fought the American Government to regain control of their buffalo hunting lands

Geronimo

The leader of the Apaches in Arizona and New Mexico, fought against the white man, who was trying to force the Apaches off of their land. He had an enormous hatred for the whites. He was, however, eventually pushed into Mexico where he surrendered.

Forest Service

The need to maintain water supply indirectly led to the creation of national forest and this. Established in 1905.

Lakota

They are part of the confederation of seven related Sioux tribes (or seven council fires) and speak one of the three major dialects of the Sioux language.

WNIA

Women's National Indian Association. Was founded in 1879 by a group of American women including Mary Bonney and Amelia Stone Quinton. Bonney and Quinton united against the encroachment of white settlers on land set aside for Native Americans. They also drew up a petition that addressed the binding obligation of treaties between the United States and American-Indian nations.

A Century of Dishonor

Written by Helen Hunt Jackson, it detailed the injustices made to Native Americans during US expansion and assimilation of them

Black Kettle

a leader of the Southern Cheyenne after 1854, who led efforts to resist white American settlement from Kansas and Colorado territories, he was a peacemaker who accepted treaties to protect his people.

Klondike

a region in north-west Canada that was home to the Alaska gold rush

Indian Rights Association

advocated for citizenship for Native Americans and to protest assimilation and reservations

Department of Agriculture

attained cabinet status in 1889, made considerable contributions to farmers' knowledge

John Deere

designed his famous "singing plow" in 1837 that easily turned prairie grasses under and turned up even highly compacted soils

Hutterites

disavowed private property lived as much as possible in seclusion in the Bon Homme colony of South Dakota, established in 1874

Calamity Jane

frontierswoman; noted for her skill at shooting and riding; born Martha Jane Cannary. She dressed as a man and was known for her wild behavior and heavy drinking. She later joined Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show

Cyrus McCormick

invented a reaper that was used for cutting grain and had factories that churned out mass quantities of these reapers, drastically reduced the number of people traditionally required for harvest work

Deseret

taken from a word in the Book of Mormon and means "honeybee". It reflects the Mormon use of the beehive as a symbol of co-operative industry.

Weather Bureau

transferred from the War Department in 1891 also made considerable contributions to farmers' knowledge

Wounded Knee Creek

tributary to the white river in South Dakota. Lakota name is chankwe opi wapala

Boy and Girl Scouts

used tribal lore to instill 'character' into Native Americans; essentially common stereotypes we know today

William F. Cody

was a United States soldier, bison hunter and showman.One of the most colorful figures of the American Old West, Buffalo Bill became famous for the shows he organized with cowboy themes, which he toured in Great Britain and Europe as well as the United States.

Joseph Smith

was an American religious leader and the founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, which gave rise to Mormon theology. Smith is regarded by his followers as a prophet.

Charles Russell

was an artist of the Old American West. Russell created more than 2,000 paintings of cowboys, Indians, and landscapes set in the Western United States, in addition to bronze sculptures. Known as 'the cowboy artist', Russell was also a storyteller and author. The C. M. Russell Museum Complex located in Great Falls, Montana houses more than 2,000 Russell artworks, personal objects, and artifacts.

Anaconda Copper Mining Company

was one of the largest trusts of the early 20th century. The Anaconda was purchased by Atlantic Richfield Company (ARCO) on January 12, 1977.

Comstock Lode

was the first major U.S. discovery of silver ore, located under what is now Virginia City, Nevada