Chapter 19, 22, 23
Thomas Jefferson believed that the slave trade was unjust but that abolition was
dangerous socially and economically
Which of the following was not a factor that caused the revolutions in the Atlantic world?
expenses associated with the Thirty years' war
How did Andres Vesalius use the experimental approach in medicine?
he studied anatomy by dissecting human bodies
One of the positive developments of the urbanization of Europe in the eighteenth century was the
increase in literacy rates
In the 1780's , over 50 percent of France's annual budget was expended on
interest payments on debt
In the Estates general that met in 1789, the clergy of the first estate were
parish priests
One of the results of the Seven Years' war was that Britain and France
raised taxes
Eighteenth- century liberals believed that the rule of monarchs should be
restrained by the will of the people
The Great Fear was led by
rural peasants
Many Enlightenment thinkers believed which of the following?
that the methods of science should be used to examine all aspects of life
Which of these was one of Galileo Galilei's greatest achievements?
the discovery of the moons of Jupiter
According to Aristotelian view of the universe,
the earth was motionless
What was Catherine the Great's most significant territorial triumph?
the partition of Poland
According to the text, the Mines Act of 1842 prohibited underground work for all women because of concerns about which of the following?
the sexual morality of the minors
World exploration in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries encouraged new knowledge by creating new instruments of navigation, including what new invention?
the telescope
Abbe Sieyes argued that who should have more authority in the Estates General?
the third estate
Which of the following was not one of the three main concepts at the center of Enlightenment thinking?
theology
What was one of the earliest uses for steam engines?
to pump water out of coal mines
The key feature of Neton's most important work was the law of
universal gravitation
How did early factory work affect family life?
workers often came to the mills and mines and were employed as whole family units.
The Oath of the Tennis Court pledged to not disband until they had been recognized as a national assembly and had
written a new constitution
Which of the following did empiricism emphasize?
Acquiring evidence through observation and expiramentation
Louis XVI's finance ministers proposed in 1787 that he tax what to pay the national debt?
All landed property
What was the most serious obstacle impeding industrial development in Britian in the eighteenth century?
An energy shortage
According to Galen's theory of the four humors, what caused bodily illness?
An imbalance among the humors
What was the Pugachev Rebellion of 1733?
An insurrection of Russian serfs against Catherine the Great
By the late eighteenth century, European law recognized only what kinds of people as slaves?
Anyone of non- European descent
One of the innovations of the medieval university was the introduction of algebra originally created by whom?
Arabic and Persian mathematics
Copernicus feared his hypothesis that the earth rotated around the sun would draw the sharpest criticism from who?
Astronomers
Which Enlightenment thinker argued in favor of separating and sharing political power?
Baron de Montesquieu
What policy of Peter the Great did Catherine the Great of Russia try to continue?
Bringing western European culture to Russia
What was an important result of the Pugachev Rebellion?
Catherine gave the novels more power over their serfs
On August 27, 1789 the National Assembly issued a statement of principles known as the
Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizne
What did Louis XVI's advisors urge him to do in response to the demands of the National Assembly?
Disband the Assembly by force
Locke's ideas about how the human mind learns are based on the theory of which of the following?
Experience
Who was tried for heresy in 1633 for defending Copernicus and the heliocentric theory?
Galileo
What was an important belief of Fredrick the Great?
He accepted and supported the concept of serfdom
How did James Watt fundamentally improve the Newcomen steam engine?
He added a condenser to the engine
How did the German thinker Gottfried Leibniz perceive God and the world?
He believed them to be a harmonious and divine plan
What was Copernicus's primary reason for rejecting the Ptolemaic model of the solar system?
He felt that it was too unwisely to be part of God's harmonious creation
How did Johannes Kepler refine the Copernican model of the solar system?
He hypothesized elliptical orbits for the planets
What was Frederick the Great's attitude toward religion?
He was tolerant of individual beliefs
Who invented the steam- powered rolling mills, which allowed for the production of iron in any shape or form?
Henry Cort
Tycho Brahe is best known for which of the following?
His massive collection of astronomical data
The treaty of Paris in 1763 involved exchanging land between European powers in the Americas and
India
What was one of the results of the increase in population and urbanization during the eighteenth century?
Inflation grew, making it more difficult for urban people to afford food and rent
Which of these was created by the Factory Act of 1833?
A system of full- time factory inspectors
By 1844, Britain was producing 3 million tons of what metal?
Iron
Coal was an essential ingredient in the manufacture of what eighteenth- century product?
Iron
Who invented the spinning jenny around 1765?
James Hargreaves
Which enlightened ruler abolished serfdom?
Jospeh II
The world's first important steam- powered train, the Rocket, provided service between what two English cities?
Liverpool and Manchester
Isaac Newton's theories were based on the principle that the motions of the universe could be explianed through which of the following?
Mathematics
Baruch Spinoza believed that God was the same thing as which of the following?
Nature
Who proposed the first great departure from the Aristoelian view of the universe?
Nicolaus Copernicus
Which of the following was true of transportation in the eighteenth century?
No part of England was more than 50 miles from navigable water
Which of the following was a result of the boom in agriculture production of the eighteenth century?
People had more money to spend on manufactured goods
What were working conditions like in early cotton factories?
Poor
One reason that cottage workers were reluctant to work in factories is that they resembled which of the following?
Poorhouses
The work of which ancient Greek scholar laid the foundation for early modern knowledge about the earth?
Ptolemy
The Scientific Revolution's enthusiasm to classify and "order" nature led to a new practice of grouping people by what ?
Race
The Haskalah movement advocated for which of the following?
Religious freedom and civil rights for European Jews
Which two men are generally given credit for creating the modern scientific method?
Rene Descartes and Francis Bacon
Which of the following did the German philosopher Immaneul Kant argue was fundamental to the siccess of the Enlightenment?
Serious thinkers must have the freedom to exercise their reason publicly in print
What kind of King was Louis XVI?
Shy and well- intentioned
What did John Locke claim in his Essay Concerning Human Understanding?
That all ideas are derived from experience
What did British economist Thomas Malthus conclude in his 1798 Essay on the Principle of Population?
That men and women should limit population growth by marrying late in life
What does Galileo's law of inertia state?
That motion, not rest, is the natural state of an object
What did David Ricardo argue in his iron law of wages theory?
That the pressure of population growth prevents wages from rising above subsistence levels
What did David Hume believe about ideas?
That they can be proved of disproved based on faith
What did Jean- Jacques Rousseau say about women in regaurd to their role in society?
That they were naturally passive and should stay at home and care for the children
What has recent scholarship concluded about the economic condition of the British working class in the early years of the Industrial Revolution?
The early years of industrialization were hard ones, and significant economic improvement did not come until after 1840.
How did humanist of the fifteenth century help provide a foundation for the Scientific Revolution?
The emphasized the value of acquiring practical knowoledge
Rousseau's Social contract was based on what two fundamental concepts?
The general will and popular sovereignty
Who put the works of Copernicus and Kepler on a list of forbidden books in 1616?
The holy office of the Catholic Church
Which of the following was one difference between Hargreaves's spinning jenny and Arkwright's water frame?
The jenny produced thinner thread
Which of these accurately describes employment patterns in British factories after 1833?
The number of children employed in industry declined rapidly
Which of these was one of the three key factors that help explain why industrialization began in Britian first?
The policies of the British government
Which of these was Motesquieu's most famous work?
The spirit of laws
In which British industry did the first modern factories begin to appear?
The textile industry
In 1802, the British Parliament banned which of the following in factories?
The use of pauper apprentices
What was one of the major limitations of the putting out system in the British textile industry?
There were not enough spinners to meet demand.
What was one unintended negative consequence of the British Factory Acts?
They broke the pattern of whole families working together.
In the English putting out system, what dod merchants of with raw materials?
They loaned them to local cottage workers who processed them at home
Johannes Kepler was the assistant of what famous astronomer?
Tycho Brahe
In eighteenth century England, what were the first mechanized cotton- spinning machines powered by?
Water
What were the bourgeoisie?
Wealthy, educated commoners
What were the people of Paris looking for when they stormed the Bastille on July 14, 1789?
Weapons
Olympe de Gouges wrote the Declaration of the Rights of
Women
Which of the following was the primary source of heat for all European homes and industries until the eighteenth century?
Wood
The labor force of the early rural textile factories was recruited primarly from what group?
Young children abandoned by their parents
One of the special privileges enjoyed by European nobility in the eighteenth centry was
an exemption from taxes
In the Americas, the Seven Years' War was a border dispute between the coloneis of
british and france
Why did grain prices soar in 1788?
A poor harvest
In elections to the Estates General, the third estate was represinted primarly by
lawyers and government officials
How did Galileo help prove Copernicus's theories true?
He discovered that Jupiter had at least four moons
What did Edmund Cartwright invent in 1785?
A power loom
Voltaire thought that ordinary men
were incapable of governing themselves
John Locke believed that a government should
work through Parliament
