Chapter 19

Aldosterone will ________. A) promote an increase in blood pressure B) decrease sodium reabsorption C) promote a decrease in blood volume D) result in a larger output of urine

A

Factors that aid venous return include all except ________. A) urinary output B) pressure changes in the thorax C) activity of skeletal muscles D) venous valves

A

The influence of blood vessel diameter on peripheral resistance is ________. A) significant because resistance is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the vessel radius B) the only factor that influences resistance C) significant because resistance is directly proportional to the blood vessel diameter D) insignificant because vessel diameter does not vary

A

Which of the choices below explains why the arterioles are known as resistance vessels? A) The contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle in their walls can change their diameter. B) They contain a large quantity of elastic tissue. C) Their prime function is the exchange of nutrients and wastes between the blood and tissue cells. D) They distribute blood to various parts of the body.

A

Which of the choices below reflects the balance (or imbalance) between the direction and amount of fluid that flows across the capillary walls? A) hydrostatic and osmotic pressure B) plasma and formed element concentration C) hydrostatic pressure only D) blood volume and viscosity

A

Which of the following blood pressure readings would be indicative of hypertension? A) 170/96 in a 50-year-old man B) 140/90 in a 70-year-old woman C) 110/60 in a 20-year-old woman D) 120/80 in a 30-year-old man

A

Which of the following is likely during vigorous exercise? A) Capillaries of the active muscles will be engorged with blood. B) Blood flow to the kidneys increases. C) Blood will be diverted to the digestive organs. D) The skin will be cold and clammy.

A

Which tunic of an artery is most responsible for maintaining blood pressure and continuous blood circulation? A) tunica media B) tunica externa C) basement membrane D) tunica intima

A

A patient with essential hypertension might have pressures of 200/120 mm Hg. This hypertensive state could result in all of the following changes except ________. A) increased work of the left ventricle B) decreased size of the heart muscle C) increased incidence of coronary artery disease D) increased damage to blood vessel endothelium

B

A thrombus (blood clot) in the first branch of the arch of the aorta would affect the flow of blood to the ________. A) left side of the head and neck B) right side of the head and neck and right upper arm C) left upper arm D) myocardium of the heart

B

Brain blood flow autoregulation ________. A) causes constriction of cerebral blood vessels in response to a drop in systemic blood pressure B) is abolished when abnormally high CO2 levels persist C) is less sensitive to pH than to a decreased oxygen level D) is controlled by cardiac centers in the pons

B

Cerebral blood flow is regulated by ________. A) the hypothalamic "thermostat" B) intrinsic autoregulatory mechanisms C) skin temperature D) ADH

B

If blood pressure is almost normal in a person who has lost blood, does that mean the tissues are receiving adequate blood flow? A) no B) not necessarily C) no

B

In the dynamics of blood flow through capillaries, hydrostatic pressure ________. A) generally forces fluid from the interstitial space into the capillaries B) is the same as capillary blood pressure C) and osmotic pressure are the same D) is completely canceled out by osmotic pressure

B

Normal average blood pressure for a newborn baby is ________. A) 130/80 B) 90/55 C) 150/90 D) 120/80

B

Select the correct statement about factors that influence blood pressure. A) Excess protein production would decrease blood pressure. B) Excess red cell production would cause a blood pressure increase. C) Systemic vasodilation would increase blood pressure, due to diversion of blood to essential areas. D) An increase in cardiac output corresponds to a decrease in blood pressure, due to the increased delivery.

B

The circulatory route that runs from the digestive tract to the liver is called ________. A) coronary circulation B) hepatic portal circulation C) pulmonary circulation D) cerebral circulation

B

The short-term controls of blood pressure, mediated by the nervous system and bloodborne chemicals, primarily operate via all but which of the following? A) chemoreceptors B) altering blood volume C) reflex arcs associated with vasomotor fibers D) reflex arcs involving baroreceptors

B

Which of the choices below does not explain why low capillary pressures are desirable? A) Capillaries are fragile and high pressures would rupture them. B) Low blood pressure is more desirable than high blood pressure. C) Most capillaries are extremely permeable and thus even low pressures force solute-containing fluid out of the bloodstream.

B

Which of the following are involved directly in pulmonary circulation? A) superior vena cava, right atrium, and left ventricle B) right ventricle, pulmonary artery, and left atrium C) right atrium, aorta, and left ventricle D) left ventricle, aorta, and inferior vena cava

B

Which of the following chemicals does not help regulate blood pressure? A) ADH B) nitric acid C) angiotensin II D) atrial natriuretic peptide

B

Which statement best describes arteries? A) Only large arteries are lined with endothelium. B) All carry blood away from the heart. C) All carry oxygenated blood to the heart. D) All contain valves to prevent the backflow of blood.

B

Blood flow to the skin ________. A) is not an important source of nutrients and oxygen for skin cells B) increases when body temperature drops so that the skin does not freeze C) increases when environmental temperature rises D) is controlled mainly by decreasing pH

C

Modified capillaries that are lined with phagocytes are called ________. A) anastomoses B) sinuses C) sinusoids D) thoroughfare channels

C

Peripheral resistance ________. A) is not a major factor in blood pressure in healthy individuals B) increases as blood vessel diameter increases C) increases as blood viscosity increases D) decreases with increasing length of the blood vessel

C

Permitting the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the primary function of ________. A) arteries B) arterioles C) capillaries D) veins

C

The arteries that are also called distributing arteries are the ________. A) capillaries B) arterioles C) muscular arteries D) elastic arteries

C

The baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch are sensitive to which of the following? A) a decrease in carbon dioxide B) an increase in oxygen levels C) changes in arterial pressure D) a decrease in oxygen levels

C

The form of circulatory shock known as hypovolemic shock is ________. A) always fatal B) the form of shock caused by anaphylaxis C) shock that results from large-scale loss of blood volume, or after severe vomiting or diarrhea D) any condition in which blood vessels are inadequately filled and blood cannot circulate normally

C

The pulse pressure is ________. A) systolic pressure divided by diastolic pressure B) diastolic pressure plus 1/3 (systolic pressure plus diastolic pressure) C) systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure D) systolic pressure plus diastolic pressure

C

Which of the following is true about veins? A) Veins have a small lumen in relation to the thickness of the vessel wall. B) Venous valves are formed from the tunica media. C) Veins are called capacitance vessels or blood reservoirs. D) Up to 35% of total body blood is in venous circulation at any given time.

C

Which of the following processes provides a long-term response to changes in blood pressure? A) neural controls B) baroreceptor-initiated reflexes C) renal regulation D) chemoreceptor-initiated reflexes

C

Which of the following signs of hypovolemic shock is a relatively late sign? A) cold, clammy skin B) rapid, thready pulse C) rapidly falling blood pressure D) increased heart rate

C

Arteriole blood pressure increases in response to all but which of the following? A) increasing stroke volume B) rising blood volume C) increasing heart rate D) falling blood volume E) all of these

D

Fenestrated capillaries ________. A) are not more permeable than continuous capillaries B) do not occur in the glomerular capillaries of the kidneys C) are not common in endocrine organs and in areas where capillary absorption is an important function D) are not found in the brain

D

Histologically, the ________ is squamous epithelium supported by a sparse connective tissue layer. A) tunica adventitia B) tunica externa C) tunica media D) tunica intima

D

Mechanisms that do not help regulate blood pressure include ________. A) nervous control that operates via reflex arcs involving baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and higher brain centers B) chemical controls such as atrial natriuretic peptide C) renal regulation via the renin-angiotensin system of vasoconstriction D) the dural sinus reflex

D

Select the correct statement about blood flow. A) It is measured in mm Hg. B) It is greatest where resistance is highest. C) It is relatively constant through all body organs. D) Blood flow through the entire vascular system is equivalent to cardiac output.

D

The arteries that directly feed into the capillary beds are called ________. A) muscular arteries B) elastic arteries C) venules D) arterioles

D

The hepatic portal vein ________. A) is actually an artery B) carries oxygen-rich blood from the liver to the viscera C) carries blood from the liver to the inferior vena cava D) carries nutrient-rich blood to the liver

D

The velocity of blood flow is ________. A) slower in the veins than in the capillaries because veins have a large diameter B) in direct proportion to the total cross-sectional area of the blood vessels C) slower in the arteries than in capillaries because arteries possess a relatively large diameter D) slowest in the capillaries because the total cross-sectional area is the greatest

D

Where in the body would you find low oxygen levels causing vasoconstriction and high levels causing vasodilation? A) kidney B) liver C) heart D) Lungs

D

Which of the choices below does not involve tissue perfusion? A) delivery of oxygen and nutrients to, and removal of wastes from, tissue cells B) absorption of nutrients from the digestive tract C) gas exchange in the lungs D) blood clotting

D

Which of the following do not influence arterial pulse rate? A) activity B) emotions C) postural changes D) the vessel selected to palpate

D

Which of the following is not one of the three main factors influencing blood pressure? A) blood volume B) peripheral resistance C) cardiac output D) emotional state

D

Which of the following would not result in the dilation of the feeder arterioles and opening of the precapillary sphincters in systemic capillary beds? A) a decrease in local tissue oxygen content B) an increase in local tissue carbon dioxide C) a local increase in pH D) a local increase in histamine

D

Which tunic of an artery contains endothelium? A) tunica externa B) tunica media C) basement membrane D) tunica intima

D