Chapter 19 AP Euro

Abolishing all of the old noble and church privileges

In the wake of the Great Fear in the summer of 1789, the National Assembly restored order by...

Grand Empire

The empire over which Napoleon and his allies ruled, encompassing virtually all of Europe except Great Britain and Russia.

Continental system

A blockade imposed by Napoleon to halt all trade between continental Europe and Britain, thereby weakening the British economy and military.

Estates General

A legislative body in prerevolutionary France made up of representatives of each of the three classes, or estates; it was called into session in 1789 for the first time since 1614.

Girondists

A moderate group that fought for control of the French National Convention in 1793.

Jacobin Club

A political club in Revolutionary France whose members were well-educated radical republicans.

Thermidorian Reaction

A reaction to the violence of the Reign of Terror in 1794, resulting in the execution of Robespierre and the loosening of economic controls.

It harnessed the explosive forces of a planned economy, revolutionary terror, and modern nationalism into a total war effort

By July 1794, how had the central government in Paris managed to reassert control over the provinces and gain momentum against the First Coalition?

-both were a part of the jacobin club and had radical views that they were ready to debate about -division began after Louis XIV was convicted of treason -mountain led by Robespierre and consoled the French National Convention wanted him dead -Girondists struggled for the power of the national convention and recognized his guilt but did not want him dead

Explain how the Girondists and the Mountain could share some political beliefs while also entering into a fierce struggle with each other.

Napoleonic Code

French civil code promulgated in 1804 that reasserted the 1789 principles of the equality of all male citizens before the law and the absolute security of wealth and private property, as well as the restriction of rights accorded to women by previous revolutionary laws.

Second Revolution

From 1792 to 1795, the second phase of the French Revolution, during which the fall of the French monarchy introduced a rapid radicalization of politics.

They presented themselves as liberators to the peasants and middle class but seemed more like foreign invaders as they requisitioned food and supplies and plundered local treasure

How did French armies during the French Revolution offer a mixed message to the people they conquered?

-colonies success of obtaining their freedom from England -inspired the lower-class to revolt against unfair taxation by their own state -their new constitution was more effective compared to the Divine monarchy of France and included equality and freedoms that they wanted

How did the American Revolution affect developing political tensions in France?

-by having legal and economic standards favoring the white population -allowed the, to keep tight control on slaves through extremely brutal methods -when one slave would die, another was imported so there was a constant flow of new slaves -took away the Code Noir(own property, live wherever, and purse whatever career or education)after free people of color began to prosper and intimidated the white population and their superiority

How did the National Assembly alienate nearly all parties in Saint-Domingue in the years before the slave revolt?

Initially pleased by the Revolution's weakening of France, they came to feel threatened by its increasingly radical message

How did the reaction of kings and nobles in continental Europe toward the French Revolution change over the revolution's first two years?

Interest payments on the debt (deficit spending)

In the 1780s, over 50 percent of France's annual budget was expended on...

Voting for representatives would be restricted to men of property

In the eighteenth century, many liberal thinkers believed that representative institutions could defend the liberty and interests of the people. What did this mean in terms of political practice?

The Mountain

Led by Robespierre, the French National Convention's radical faction, which seized legislative power in 1793.

Allowing his common-born mistress to exercise tremendous influence culturally and politically

Louis XV damaged the sense of his sacred authority by

The true strength of the French nation

The Abbé Sieyès considered the third estate...

Equality before the law

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen guaranteed...

Broadened women's rights to seek divorce and inherit property

The National Assembly that ruled France from 1789 to 1791 passed laws that...

The king's plans to reassert his authority were forestalled, permitting the National Assembly to continue its work

The attack on the Bastille had what political effect?

National Assembly

The first French revolutionary legislature, made up primarily of representatives of the third estate and a few from the nobility and clergy, in session from 1789 to 1791.

Sans-culottes

The laboring poor of Paris, so called because the men wore trousers instead of the knee breeches of the aristocracy and middle class; the word came to refer to the militant radicals of the city.

Everyone who was not a noble or member of the clergy

The legal definition of the composition of the prerevolutionary third estate included...

Lawyers and government officials

The men elected to represent the third estate at the Estates General were primarily...

Reign of Terror

The period from 1793 to 1794 during which Robespierre's Committee of Public Safety tried and executed thousands suspected of treason and a new revolutionary culture was imposed.

estates

The three legal categories, or orders, of France's inhabitants: the clergy, the nobility, and everyone else.

Napoleon returned from exile to rule France briefly

What occurred during the Hundred Days in France?

-as a written document to state the tyrannical acts of George III -state the natural rights of man - Independence from Britain -sovereignty of the states -all men were free and equal to form new laws and give that reflected this independence

What role did the Declaration of Independence play in the American Revolution?

-the end of the most violent executions in France known as the Reign Of Terror -anyone was killed for assumption they supported the king or did not agree with the national convention -resulted in the execution of its leader Robespierre Allowed the fear of killing to subdue and loosen economic control

What was the Thermidorian reaction?

To use dictatorial powers to respond to threats to France from without and within

What was the goal of the Committee of Public Safety?

-Napoleon's way to stay in power as a dictator while also appeasing powerful groups for their loyalty -to keep revolutionists content and occupied -reasserted the main principles of the revolt such as equality of man, security of wealth and private property

What was the significance of the Napoleonic Code of 1804?

Several thousand Parisian woman

Who forced the king and the royal family to abandon Versailles and return to Paris?

Mary Wollstonecraft

Who wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Man (1790) and A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), the latter a founding text of the feminist movement?

After doubling its national debt in the Seven Years' War, Great Britain sought to tax the American Colonies to fund the further defense of the colonies

Why did Great Britain seek to raise taxes on its American colonies in the 1760s?

- driven to becoming the ultimate power of Europe because of his military background -expanding his army allowed more employment of the people -when continental system failed, Napoleon needed a scapegoat where he could gain back his confidence and control

Why did Napoleon Bonaparte invade Russia in 1812?

The Directory understood that big, victorious armies kept men employed OR The Directory gave in to demands of the nationalistic populace

Why did the Directory continue French wars of conquest begun by early revolutionary governments?

France lacked a central bank and paper currency

Why was France unable to manage its debt in the eighteenth century, even though that debt was much smaller, relative to its population, than the debt of either Great Britain or Holland?

It compromised by stipulating that an enslaved person would count as three-fifths of a person for purposes of taxation and proportional representation in the House of Representation

How did America's Constitutional Convention of 1787 deal with the discord between pro- and anti-slavery delegates?

-by spreading Enlightenment ideas which called for more freedoms - began to revolt for equality and religious freedom that was opposed by upper-class and church clergy - lower-class began to discover better jobs ans rebelling against unjust laws that led to their dominance over the state

How did Europe's traditional social groups change in the eighteenth century?

They were younger and less cautious; many joined political clubs (reactionary- just wants to join and is passionate but doesn't see the entire picture or reason)

How did the delegates to the Legislative Assembly that convened in October 1791 differ from the delegates to the Estates General/National Assembly?

Great Fear

The fear of noble reprisals (reaction to revolt) against peasant uprisings that seized the French countryside and led to further revolt.