Chapter 19 Botany
Mushroom of phylum basidiomycota
composed of cap = pileus, stalk = stipe, and annulus
heterotrophs
All true fungi are filamentous or unicellular. most of which absorb their food in solution through cell walls
Lichen:Crustose
Attached to or embedded in substrate over entire lower surface
Phylum Zygomycota - The coenocytic true fungi
Black bread molds - Best-known members of this phylum Rhizopus - Well-known and found everywhere Asexual reproduction: Sporangiophores grow upright and produce sporangia at tips. Black spores formed in sporangia
Distingues between protista and fungi
Chitin in cell walls All are filamentous, with the exception of some chytrids and all yeasts. Most lack motile cells. Members of Kingdom Fungi are placed in five phyla.
Lichens
Consist of a fungus and an alga (or cyanobacterium) intimately associated in a spongy thallus Photosynthetic component supplies food. Fungus protects the photosynthetic organism from harmful light intensities, and absorbs and retains water and minerals. Three genera of green algae and one genus of cyanobacterium involved in 90% of all lichen species. Each lichen has own unique species of fungus, usually a sac fungus. Lichen species are identified according to their fungus
Lichen: Foliose
Contain leaf-like thalli which often overlap
Phylum Basidiomycota: Fairy Rings
Dikaryotic hyphae radiate out from starting point, producing basidiomata
monokaryotic hyphae
Each cell of hyphae contain a single haploid nucleus
Phylum Basidiomycota: Bird's nest fungi
Egglike bodies contain basidiospores
Phylum Ascomycota - The ascomycetes (sac fungi) Human and ecological relevance
Ergot fungus may infect rye and other grains. Ergotism may occur in those who eat the contaminated bread. Ergot drugs are medicinally useful in small doses. Initial source for the manufacture of LSD Plant diseases - Dutch elm disease, chestnut blight
Human and ecological relevance of lichens
Exceptionally sensitive to pollution. Sulfur dioxide. Possible to calculate amount of sulfur dioxide present in air solely by mapping occurrence or disappearance of certain lichens. Nuclear radiation. Degradation of historic structures. Food for animals - Reindeer eat fruticose lichen. Food supplements. Antibiotic properties. Dyes.
Kingdom Fungi
Fungi and bacteria are the most important organisms that break down organic materials. Fungi produce intertwined mass of delicate threads.
Phylum Deuteromycota - The deuteromycetes (imperfect fungi)
Fungi for which a sexual stage has not been observed. Grouped together in an artificial phylum. Most commonly reproduce by conidia.
Phylum Basidiomycota: Shelf fungi
Grow horizontally from bark or dead wood
Phylum Basidiomycota - The basidiomycetes (club fungi) Sexual Reproduction
Hyphae of individual mating types unite and initiate a new mycelium, called dikaryotic hyphae, in which each cell has one nucleus from each original mating type. Dikaryotic mycelium forms basidioma (plural: basidiomata) = mushroom. Basidia (swollen ends of hyphae) on gills. The two nuclei in each basidium unite and the resulting diploid nucleus undergoes meiosis.
Phylum Basidiomycota - The basidiomycetes (club fungi)
Includes mushrooms, toadstools, puffballs, shelf fungi, rusts, smuts, jelly fungi Hyphae divided into individual cells.
Hyphae
Individual threads
Phylum Basidiomycota - The basidiomycetes (club fungi) Asexual reproduction
Infrequent Mainly through conidia
Mycelium
Mass of hyphae
Rusts
Parasitic species that do not form basidiomata. Attack a wide variety of plants. Black stem rust - Requires two hosts
Smuts
Parasitic species that do not form basidiomata. Grain crops. Mycelium absorbs nutrients from host cells. Secrete substances that stimulate host cells to form tumors
Phylum Deuteromycota - The deuteromycetes (imperfect fungi) Human and ecological relevance of the imperfect fungi
Penicillium Antibiotics Gourmet cheese Aspergillus Citric acid, soy sauce, miso, artificial flavoring Photographic developers, dyes Aspergilloses (respiratory disease), athlete's foot Aflotoxin (carcinogen
Gills
Plates that radiate out from stalk on underside of cap
Phylum Basidiomycota Human and ecological relevance of the club fungi
Poisonous. Fewer than 75 of the approximately 25,000 described species are poisonous. Food: Shiitake mushrooms High in protein, calcium, phosphorous, and iron. Portabella mushrooms. Lentinacin and other pharmaceutical extracts. Nutrient recycling in soil.
Phylum Basidiomycota: Boletes
Produce spores on surface of pores instead of gills
Lichen:Fruticose
Resemble miniature upright shrubs, or hang down in festoons from branches
Phylum Chytridiomycota - The chytrids
Simple, mostly one-celled organisms Some are parasitic, and other are saprobic. Saprobic - Feed on nonliving organic material Some consist of a spherical cell with colorless, branching threads (rhizoids) at one end for anchorage.
Phylum Basidiomycota: Puffballs
Spores released from pore at top
Phylum Ascomycota - The ascomycetes (sac fungi)
Truffles are reproductive bodies. Also includes yeasts, powdery mildews, ergot, and morels. Human and ecological relevance of the sac fungi: Food: Morels and truffles. Yeast. Fermentation produces ethyl alcohol - Wines, beers. CO2 causes bread dough to rise and gives it porous texture.