chapter 19 history

The _________, a primary target of English privateers, carried silver from Mexico to China annually and returned laden with Chinese silks, porcelain and lacquerware.

Acapulco-Manila treasure fleet

Barbados was settled initially in 1627 by English planters, who grew tobacco, cotton, indigo, and ginger, employing English and Irish ____________.

Indentured laborers

In 1690, the bishop of Puebla criticized the analysis of the Biblical incident of ____________ by Juana Inés de la Cruz in her own treatise.

Jesus's washing the feet of his disciples at the Last Supper.

The memoir of the former slave and abolitionist __________ would help push the movement of liberating slaves forward in the nineteenth century.

Olaudah Equiano

Agriculture in the New World was ___________ during the sixteenth century.

Peripheral to the economy of the Spanish empire

An example of a Creole language that has survived for centuries is Gullah, used by the isolated communities along the coastal islands of Georgia and _______.

South Carolina

The overseas ministry in Lisbon encouraged the manufacture of ________ in Brazil in an effort to render the province independent from British imports.

Textiles

In Brazil, black freedmen and mulattoes:

Were equal in percentage of the population to Creoles.

In the early 17th century, the French, English and Dutch started occupying smaller unclaimed Caribbean islands which they then used to launch raids on Spanish colonies in order to disrupt Spain's monopoly on shipping between Europe and its Caribbean possessions, eventually taking some of these Spanish outposts. Most notable among these conquered Spanish outposts was Jamaica, taken by the English, and _________, taken by the French.

Western Hispaniola

By the mid-16th century, the conquistadors shifted from looting Native American empires and towns to exploiting native labor in _______ and in agriculture.

Working silver, gold, and mercury mines

The Spaniards established land-labor grants or _________ entitling the land grantee the use of forced indigenous or imported slave labor on this land for the purpose of exploiting its agricultural and mineral resources.

encomiendas

The unequal relations between Tutsi cattle breeders and ______ farmers froze into a caste system during the nineteenth-century colonial occupation.

hutu

The earliest settlement in the northeastern coast of North America was:

jamestown

The Spaniards pioneered silver mining innovations, such as the _________ method, which facilitated extraction through the use of mercury.

patio

Between 1434 and 1472, through a combination of private and public expeditions, _________ mariners explored the African coast as far east as the Bight of Benin.

portuguese

In the 1540s, in an effort to transition away from the encomienda system, Spain introduced rotating assignments, or _________, which established an obligation by villagers to send stipulated numbers of people as laborers to a contractor.

repartimientos

In the 1440s, Portuguese mariners raided the West African coast in the __________ region for slaves.

senegambia

_______ was the only North American colony, and later state, in which African Americans outnumbered those of European descent.

south carolina

Among the many Native American allies who aided Cortés in the conquest of the Aztec Empire were the _________, sworn enemies of the Aztecs.

tlaxcalans

From Quebec, the French embarked on an exploratory and fur-trading mission south into the Great Lakes region, the Mississippi valley and the Mississippi delta, claiming these lands as part of their Canada-Mississippi- _________ territory.

Louisiana