Chapter 19 Respiratory System

99. In a mixture of gases, each gas creates a pressure called its ______ ______.

partial pressure

97. The respiratory areas are in the medulla oblongata and the ____ of the brainstem.

pons

95. The layer of serous membrane that is firmly attached to the surface of a lung is called ______ ______.

visceral pleura

55. Which of the following proteins transports some carbon dioxide in the blood? A. Hemoglobin B. Carbonic anhydrase C. Heme D. Albumin E. Ferritin

A. Hemoglobin

75. Pneumonia can be caused by A. bacteria, viruses, or fungi. B. viruses only. C. fungi only. D. bacteria only. E. exposure to a toxin.

A. bacteria, viruses, or fungi.

52. Police stop Richard for driving erratically at 3 AM and give him a breathalyzer test, which he fails miserably because of A. the thinness of his respiratory membranes. B. the thickness of his respiratory membranes. C. the excellent condition of his alveoli. D. excess surfactant secreted in response to alcohol. E. the malfunction of his respiratory membranes.

A. the thinness of his respiratory membranes.

16. Which statement describes the trachea? A) It is lined with simple squamous epithelium. B) It is comprised of 20 C-shaped cartilage rings. C) It is a passageway for food and for air. D) It contains no air-filtering mechanisms.

B) It is comprised of 20 C-shaped cartilage rings.

Which of the following does NOT contribute to the increase of breathing rate during exercise? A) Signals from cerebral cortex to skeletal muscles are also sent to the respiratory areas B) Stimulation of the respiratory areas by decreasing blood concentration of oxygen and increasing blood concentration of carbon dioxide C) A joint reflex D) Stimulation of the respiratory areas by sensory impulses from proprioceptors

B) Stimulation of the respiratory areas by decreasing blood concentration of oxygen and increasing blood concentration of carbon dioxide

40. The partial pressure of oxygen that stimulates the respiratory areas is ___ of normal. A. 33% B. 50% C. 67% D. 80% E. 100%

B. 50%

53. The amount of oxygen released from oxyhemoglobin increases when A. carbon dioxide concentration decreases. B. carbon dioxide concentration increases. C. temperature decreases. D. blood becomes more alkaline. E. the moon is full.

B. carbon dioxide concentration increases.

60. Exposure to secondhand smoke can cause or increase risk of A. high altitude sickness and sleep apnea. B. heart disease, lung cancer, and low birth weight. C. pneumonia and tuberculosis. D. sarcoidosis, multiple sclerosis, and vasculitis E. all of the above.

B. heart disease, lung cancer, and low birth weight.

58. A mother and two young children are found passed out in their apartment, where a space heater is on. Emergency medical technicians suspect carbon monoxide poisoning, so they give the patients A. CPR. B. highly concentrated oxygen and some carbon dioxide. C. surfactant. D. blood transfusions. E. nitrogen and carbon dioxide

B. highly concentrated oxygen and some carbon dioxide.

44. Carbon dioxide is sometimes added to the air that a patient breathes in order to A. increase the rate and decrease the depth of breathing. B. increase the rate and depth of breathing. C. decrease the rate and increase the depth of breathing. D. decrease the rate and depth of breathing. E. none of the above.

B. increase the rate and depth of breathing

34. "I'm going to hold my breath until I turn blue and stop breathing and die and it will be all your fault!" shrieked the 6-year-old at her father. The child was unable to carry out her threat because A. she never stopped talking long enough to try to hold her breath. B. increased CO2 and hydrogen ion concentration and decreased oxygen concentration stimulate chemoreceptors. C. decreased CO2 and hydrogen ion concentration and increased oxygen concentration stimulate chemoreceptors. D. she could not take in enough oxygen. E. none of the above.

B. increased CO2 and hydrogen ion concentration and decreased oxygen concentration stimulate chemoreceptors.

8. The vocal cords are in the A. pharynx. B. larynx. C. trachea. D. oral cavity. E. nasal cavity.

B. larynx.

12. Laryngitis is a potentially dangerous condition because it may A. obstruct the esophagus. B. obstruct the airway. C. press on the thyroid gland. D. cause inner ear infection. E. cause mucus buildup in the lungs.

B. obstruct the airway.

46. Max works out about an hour every day, using aerobic machines at a gym. During his moderate physical exercise, blood concentrations of A. oxygen and carbon dioxide increase. B. oxygen and carbon dioxide remain nearly unchanged. C. oxygen decrease and carbon dioxide increase. D. oxygen increase and carbon dioxide decrease. E. nitrogen and hydrogen increase.

B. oxygen and carbon dioxide remain nearly unchanged.

33. The respiratory areas are in the A. cerebral cortex. B. pons and medulla oblongata. C. alveoli. D. hypothalamus and hippocampus. E. hippocampus.

B. pons and medulla oblongata.

48. The walls of the alveoli are composed of A. ciliated columnar epithelium. B. simple squamous epithelium. C. stratified squamous epithelium. D. areolar connective tissue. E. layers of fibroblasts emeshed in collagen fibrils.

B. simple squamous epithelium.

51. An experimental treatment cultures stem cells from a newborn's umbilical cord. The stem cells, in a lab dish, give rise to type II cells, which in turn give rise to more type I cells. In this treatment A. the type I cells secrete surfactant and the type II cells form the respiratory membrane. B. the type II cells secrete surfactant and the type I cells form the respiratory membrane. C. the stem cells enable the baby to grow new lungs. D. the stem cells directly replace alveoli. E. both type I and type II cells produce surfactant.

B. the type II cells secrete surfactant and the type I cells form the respiratory membrane.

71. The hypoxia associated with high altitude can cause A. vasodilation of the major arterial blood vessels. B. vasoconstriction of the pulmonary blood vessels. C. vasoconstriction of the coronary blood vessels. D. vasodilation of the major venous blood vessels. E. vasoexpansion of the capillaries.

B. vasoconstriction of the pulmonary blood vessels.

2. What of the following list all of the events that occur with respiration are A. inhaling and exhaling. B. ventilation, external and internal respiration, and cellular respiration. C. inflating and deflating alveoli. D. delivering carbon dioxide to cells and removing oxygen from cells. E. digesting and excreting.

B. ventilation, external and internal respiration, and cellular respiration.

Laryngitis occurs when the larynx becomes irritated and inflamed from an infection, acid reflux, or strenuous use of the vocal cords. Which of the following symptoms would you directly associate with having laryngitis, considering the structures affected? A) Swollen tongue B) Runny nose C) Loss of voice or a quiet, raspy voice D) Chest pain

C) Loss of voice or a quiet, raspy voice

Increasing blood concentrations of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions have similar effects upon the respiratory areas due to A. Their similarity in chemical structure, inhibitory the respiratory rate B. Both chemically bonding, decreasing the respiratory rate C. An increase in Carbon dioxide, increasing hydrogen ions D. Both increasing pH and inhibiting the respiratory areas

C. An increase in Carbon dioxide, increasing hydrogen ions

31. The inverse relationship between pressure and volume is known as A. Dalton's law. B. Newton's law. C. Boyle's law. D. Hering-Breuer reflex E. Clinton's law.

C. Boyle's law.

42. Which of the following is important in maintaining the pH of blood? A. Oxygen B. Phosphate C. Carbon dioxide D. Nitrogen E. Hydrogen

C. Carbon dioxide

24. The visceral and parietal pleural membranes are normally held together by A. loose connective tissue. B. dense connective tissue. C. a thin film of serous fluid. D. surfactant. E. mucus.

C. a thin film of serous fluid.

37. The ventral part of the medulla oblongata near the origin of the vagus nerve has A. baroreceptors B. mechanoreceptors C. central chemoreceptors D. peripheral chemoreceptors E. vagoreceptors

C. central chemoreceptors

15. The pharynx functions as a ______, whereas the larynx functions as a ______. A. common passage for air and food; passageway for food only B. passageway for air only; passageway for air and food C. common passageway for air and food; passageway for air only D. site to prevent objects from entering the trachea; site to prevent objects from entering the larynx E. block to bacteria; conduit for air and food

C. common passageway for air and food; passageway for air only

20. The force responsible for normal expiration is supplied by the A. diaphragm. B. external intercostal muscles. C. elastic recoil of tissues and surface tension. D. contraction of smooth muscles in air passages. E. none of the above.

C. elastic recoil of tissues and surface tension.

1. Respiration is A. breathing. B. making ATP. C. gas exchange between the atmosphere and cells. D. circulating blood to tissues. E. extracting energy from glucose.

C. gas exchange between the atmosphere and cells.

7. Arielle is an 8-year-old with cystic fibrosis. For 30 minutes each morning and evening, a parent holds her body in various positions and massages and kneads the areas over her lungs to dislodge the abundant, sticky mucus, which Arielle spits into a jar. She also takes medication - an enzyme - that thins the mucus. If she didn't take these measures, the mucus in her lungs would most likely increase her risk of A. cancer. B. emphysema. C. infection. D. asthma. E. mutation.

C. infection

50. Alveoli are kept clean by the action of A. surfactant. B. antibodies. C. macrophages. D. pseudoephedrine. E. platelets.

C. macrophages.

43. The chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies are most sensitive to changes in blood concentration of A. carbon dioxide. B. hydrogen ions. C. oxygen. D. bicarbonate ions. E. nitrogen.

C. oxygen.

63. Smokers are more susceptible to respiratory infections because A. they congregate in small areas to smoke. B. their respiratory passages overproduce cilia, to which bacteria cling. C. their respiratory passages lose cilia, which would otherwise remove bacteria. D. the respiratory passages have too little mucus. E. their respiratory passages have receptors to which infectious bacteria bind.

C. their respiratory passages lose cilia, which would otherwise remove bacteria.

) The first event in expiration is A) inter-alveolar pressure increases. B) elastic tissues of the lungs, thoracic cage, and abdominal organs recoil. C) air is squeezed out of the lungs. D) the diaphragm and external intercostal respiratory muscles relax.

D) the diaphragm and external intercostal respiratory muscles relax.

A sudden inspiration caused by a spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm while the glottis is closed is a A. yawn B. laugh C. sneeze D.Hiccup

D. Hiccuo

4. Which of the following bones does not house a sinus? A. Maxillary B. Frontal C. Sphenoid D. Zygomatic E. Ethmoid

D. Zygomatic

19. The force that moves air into the lungs during inspiration comes from the A. diaphragm. B. external intercostal muscles. C. abdominal wall muscles. D. atmospheric pressure. E. cerebral cortex.

D. atmospheric pressure.

41. Oxygen plays a minor role in control of normal respiration because A. oxygenated blood is > 95% saturated. B. deoxygenated venous blood is < 5% saturated. C. oxygenated blood is more sensitive to CO2. D. deoxygenated venous blood is 75% saturated. E. deoxygenated venous blood is polyunsaturated.

D. deoxygenated venous blood is 75% saturated.

What is globin? A) Another term for alveolus B) A form of fat that carries oxygen in the blood C) A form of surfactant D) The protein part of hemoglobin

D. the protein part of hemoglobin

49. The respiratory membrane consists of A. a single thickness of epithelial cells. B. a single thickness of epithelial cells and a basement membrane. C. two thicknesses of epithelial cells. D. two thicknesses of epithelial cells and basement membranes. E. collagen and elastin with widely spaced fibroblasts.

D. two thicknesses of epithelial cells and basement membranes.

9. Which of the following is not a function of the mucus-covered nasal passages? A. Warming inspired air. B. Moistening inspired air. C. Entrapping small particles. D. Entrapping dust. E. Cooling exhaled air.

E. Cooling exhaled air.

77. Cellular respiration enables cells to harness the energy from oxygen.

FALSE

79. The pharynx is an enlargement at the top of the trachea that houses the vocal cords.

FALSE

81. The left lung is larger than the right lung and is divided into three lobes.

FALSE

86. Gas exchange occurs across alveolar pores.

FALSE

88. The greatest amount of carbon dioxide transported in the blood is in the form of dissolved carbon dioxide.

FALSE

89. Oxygen is carried in the blood in the form of bicarbonate ions and is bound to hemoglobin.

False

90. Carbon monoxide is toxic because it destroys respiratory areas in the brain.

False

What would you expect to happen to blood gas content if breathing rate did not increase with physical exercise? A) No change to blood gas content B) Low concentration of CO2 in the blood C) High concentration of O2 in the blood D) High concentration of CO2 in the blood

High concentration of CO2 in the blood

100. The cells of an alveolus that secrete surfactant are type __.

II

76. Another word for breathing is ventilation.

TRUE

78. The organs of the upper respiratory tract are located outside the thorax.

TRUE

80. The glottis is the opening between the vocal cords.

TRUE

85. Ordinary air is about 21% oxygen and 78% nitrogen.

TRUE

87. Carbon monoxide bonds to hemoglobin more effectively than does oxygen.

TRUE

94. The cartilaginous structure at the base of the tongue that helps to prevent food and liquid from entering the trachea during swallowing is the ______.

epiglottis

3. Which of the following describes the process of breathing? A. Delivery oxygen to cells. B. Inflate the lungs C. deliver carbon dioxide to cells D. forcible movement of oxygen molecules into the bloodstream

A. deliver oxygen to cells, where it takes part in the reactions of cellular respiration that liberate energy from nutrient molecules and get rid of carbon dioxide, which maintains the pH of the internal environment.

72. At high altitudes, when capillary pressure becomes too high, A. fluid filters out of the blood and collects in the alveoli. B. blood pressure decreases. C. dehydration occurs. D. blood pH increases to pathologic levels. E. itching begins.

A. fluid filters out of the blood and collects in the alveoli.

39. Peripheral receptors stimulate the respiratory areas resulting in A. increased respiratory rate. B. decreased respiratory rate. C. respiratory collapse. D. passive exhalation. E. a loud belch.

A. increased respiratory rate.

18. The right lung has ______ lobes; the left lung has ______ lobes. A. superior, middle, and inferior; superior and inferior B. superior and inferior; superior; middle, and inferior C. anterior, posterior, and lateral; superior and inferior D. superior, middle, and inferior; anterior and posterior E. superior, middle, and inferior; superior, medial, and inferior

A. superior, middle, and inferior; superior and inferior

29. The first event in inspiration is A. the diaphragm moves downward and the external intercostal muscles contract. B. atmospheric pressure forces air into the respiratory tract. C. decreased intra-alveolar pressure. D. lung inflation. E. holding one's breath.

A. the diaphragm moves downward and the external intercostal muscles contract.