Chapter 2

As much as Steve tries to control his response to stressors, he understands that emotional responses are influenced by his

Personality

Sara took a ______ class at the recreation center that involved maintaining a series of postures such as stretching, balancing, and coordinated breathing.

Yoga

How does taking control help in situations in which you feel your environment is controlling you?

You will experience less stress from the situation.

Which of the following statements spoken to yourself following a negative event would most likely help you maintain a positive attitude?

You've spent too much on junk food again. Lets apply some planning by bringing a shopping list next time.

Predicting stressors and deciding how to handle them are actions for which cognitive technique to manage stress?

thinking and acting constructively

Problem-solving is a cognitive technique to manage stress. Which choice is not a strategy for problem-solving?

worrying later about the action you took

Samir will commence his new job on Monday. He is concerned that his religious beliefs will be a source of prejudice and that he will have difficulty communicating in English because it is not his native language. Samir is experiencing a(n) ______ stressor.

social

After experiencing burnout, Maura decides to do a better job managing the stress in her life. Which of the following would not be suitable for that purpose?

starting an accelerated MBA program

The ______ division of the autonomic nervous system is active during times of arousal, including exercise or an emergency.

sympathetic

For which type of headache is it specifically recommended that you avoid smoking cigarettes and drinking alcohol?

Cluster

Match each type of stress with the effect it has on the immune system: acute stress personal trauma chronic stress

- White blood cells move into the skin. - No overall significant immune changes. - Prolonged secretion of the hormone cortisol.

Which of the following are examples of environmental stressors?

- acts of urban violence - intrusive noises - natural disaster

Which of the following have been linked to the effects of stress on the immune system?

- asthma and allergy attacks - flare-ups of genital herpes - vulnerability to colds

Which of the following are controlled by the autonomic nervous system?

- blood pressure - breathing - metabolism

How can expectations be exhausting and restricting?

- by leaving you unable to do what others want of you - by reducing the possibilities for spontaneity

Individuals with a hardy or optimistic personality view potential stressors as which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

- challenges - opportunities

The discipline of psychoneuroimmunology studies the interactions of which of the following systems?

- endocrine - immune - nervous

Which of the following hormones are released by the adrenal glands during a stress response?

- epinephrine - cortisol

What are cognitive factors that can lessen a stress response?

- making successful predictions - having the perception of control

Which of the following are potential triggers for migraine headaches?

- menstruation - fatigue - bright light

Rapid chemical reactions throughout the body allow you to respond quickly to danger or stress. Which two systems are responsible for this reaction?

- the nervous system - the endocrine system

For many students in college, common stressors include which of the following?

- worries about the future - worries about exams and grades - worries about money

Which of the following scenarios is an example of a situation that would likely cause distress instead of eustress?

A freak blizzard in April keeps you from going on spring break.

Erica is having a challenging time getting her stress under control. She wants to talk with someone, but she wants to be sure what she talks about will remain confidential. Her best choice would be a

Counselor

The sympathetic division is active during times of

arousal

Melanie's research paper for biology will be due at the end of the month. Melanie knows that if she waits until the last week, she will not produce her best work. What steps can Melanie take to manage her time and get the paper done before the deadline?

- Budget enough time. - Set priorities. - Set realistic goals and write them down.

What are recommended guidelines for managing your time?

- Consider doing your least favorite tasks first. - Delegate responsibility.

How does exercise benefit your body?

- Exercise helps one maintain a healthy body and mind. - Exercise reduces many of the negative effects of stress. - Exercise stimulates the birth of new brain cells.

Which of the following statements are true of social support?

- Having the support of friends and family members seems to contribute to the well-being of the mind and body. - College students who have strong social support are less distressed by their cramped living quarters than those who go through life alone.

What are reasons that effective stress management is important?

- It helps prevent serious diseases. - It enhances psychological health.

As cortisol and epinephrine are released during a stress response, which of the following occur?

- Perspiration increases to cool skin. - Hearing and vision become more acute. - Heart and respiration rates accelerate - The liver releases extra sugar into the bloodstream to boost energy - The brain releases endorphins (chemicals that can inhibit or block sensations of pain in case you are injured)

Which two systems of the body are responsible for releasing hormones that regulate physical responses to stressors?

- The endocrine system - The nervous system

Which of the following are influenced by hormones?

- The release of pain-inhibiting chemicals called endorphins - Increased perspiration in response to a threat - Metabolism

What are reasons that jobs are one of the top sources of stress for Americans?

- Tight schedules leave less time for stress-proofing activities. - Employees are left out of important decisions concerning their work. - Salary and job security are sources of worry.

All the following are common emotional responses to stress except

Being calm

Job-related stress that is severe or chronic can result in a state of physical, mental, and emotional exhaustion called

Burnout

A ______ headache is an extreme headache that is characterized by intense pain in and around one eye and that usually appears up to three times each day over a period of several weeks or longer.

Cluster

The use of alcohol and tobacco, overeating, and expressing hostility are examples of ______ behavioral responses to stressors.

Ineffective

Which of the following are characteristic of the practice called hatha yoga?

It is a way of increasing body awareness. It involves coordinated breathing. It integrates muscular strength, endurance, and relaxation.

During a weekly floor meeting, the RA brought in a staff member from the student health center to talk about tobacco use. Which of the following reasons for smoking to cope with stress did students most likely give?

It provides something to do with your hands in a social situation. it breaks up monotony and routine. It relaxes you.

True or false: Social interactions can be both a buffer against and a cause of stress.

True

True or false: Studies show that married people tend to live longer than those who are divorced, widowed, or never married.

True

True or false: The body has the same physical reaction in response to a physical or psychological stressor.

True

Minor setbacks, such as not having enough milk for breakfast or finding the treadmills at the health center all occupied, can impose brief but frequent stressors. These ______ can be a hindrance to an individual's overall wellness.

daily hassles

Tobacco, alcohol, and other drugs are ______ strategies for coping with stress.

counterproductive

All the following are physical symptoms associated with stress except

disrupted eating habits.

Physical activity is an effective way to reduce stress. To complement physical activity, healthy ______ provide(s) an additional energy bank to draw from when you are experiencing stress.

eating habits

Meditating is an example of a(n) ______ that can promote wellness and enable us to function at our best.

effective behavioral response

Logan demonstrates anxiety, irritability, and edginess. He is experiencing ______ symptoms of excess stress.

emotional

The brain releases ______ to inhibit pain in the event you are injured.

endorphins

Traffic jams and working in crime-related areas have an impact on an individual's stress level. These are examples of ______ stressors.

environmental

Although spirituality is difficult to study, researchers have linked spiritual wellness to which of the following?

faster recovery from disease lower risk of disease better emotional health

When confronted by a classmate who had been bullying him, Alex felt his breathing increase and his heart pounding as he decided to hold his ground. This type of reaction is called

fight-or-flight.

Which of the following is a universal and predictable response pattern to all stressors?

general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

Physical activity enables you to expend built-up nervous energy and trains your body to more readily achieve ______ following stressful situations.

homeostasis

The chemical messengers that are produced by glands and transported in the bloodstream to target cells or organs to regulate their activities are called

hormones

The main function of the autonomic nervous system is to control ______ functions.

involuntary

Communicating in a way that ______ can prevent stressful situations from getting out of control.

is assertive but also respects the rights of others

Which of the following is not a function of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

itching

When you think through the possible outcomes of behaviors in light of a potential stressor, you are

making a cognitive appraisal of the stressor.

Shoring up support networks; improving your communication skills; developing healthy eating, exercise, and sleeping habits; and learning to identify and moderate individual stressors are all steps to ______ the stress in your life.

manage

You are experiencing recurring colds. You go to the student health center, and the nurse asks you what kind of stress you may be dealing with. She is asking you this because

many health problems that are related to the immune system can be caused by excess stress.

Mallory has been experiencing a heightened sensitivity to light, throbbing pain on one side of her head, and nausea. Mallory is most likely experiencing a(n)

migraine headache.

To appropriately manage stress, you may want to limit the intake of caffeine, because it is a

mildly addictive stimulant that leaves some people jittery, irritable, and unable to sleep.

According to the model of connectedness proposed by Schwartz, biofeedback techniques enable people to do which of the following?

moderate their own physiological functions gain awareness of their physiological functions manage their stress

What is the hormone-like substance that appears to translate stressful emotions into biochemical events that can affect the immune system?

neuropeptide

Even though organized religion is the most common source for spiritual wellness, other sources that can provide healthy spiritual meaning and purpose include all of the following except

organizations that manipulate your perspective.

Andy is working on his stress-management skills. As he reflects on the day's events, he notices several daily hassles that rank high on his perceived stress level. Andy wants to work on dealing with his daily hassles because they can contribute to a general decrease in

overall wellness.

The part of the autonomic nervous system that is in control when an individual is relaxed is the ______ division

parasympathetic

The part of the autonomic nervous system that is in control when an individual is relaxed is the ______ division.

parasympathetic

An interaction between the nervous system and the endocrine system affects the immune system. The study of the interactions among the three systems is called

psychoneuroimmunology.

At a well-attended social event, your roommate approaches and confronts you in a hostile manner in front of your friends. What phase of general adaptation syndrome will you first experience?

Alarm

Which of the following statements about eustress is most accurate?

Eustress can be draining, even though it is a pleasant experience.

True or false: Only negative life changes are a source of stress.

False

Desiree's ability to set goals and face adversity make her a(n) ______ individual.

Resilient

The somatic nervous system is responsible for voluntary actions rather than the involuntary actions described.

Somatic nervous system

The physical and emotional reactions that are triggered by a stressor are known as the ---- response

Stress

Which of the following statements are true concerning expectations?

The fewer expectations you have, the more you can live spontaneously and joyfully. Meeting the expectations others have of you can be futile. Activities structured by defined expectations reduce the opportunity for free exploration.

You are disturbed by a noise in the other room. As a result, your hearing becomes more attuned to the activity. Your increase in hearing function is an example of

a stress response.

What are common stressors for a majority of college students?

academic stress financial concerns interpersonal stress

Which of the following are examples of environmental stressors?

acts of urban violence intrusive noises natural disasters

Major life changes can be a source of stress. Which of the following is not a major life change?

adding a class for the next semester

Opioids are psychoactive drugs that are generally counterproductive in relieving stress. Which of the following are also true of opioids?

any users become dependent on opioids. Tolerance to opioids develops quickly.

Researcher Gary Schwartz showed that self-regulation maintains stability of body functions and proposed that ______ techniques could be used to manage stress.

biofeedback

The endocrine system secretes hormones into the

bloodstream

Endorphins are pain-inhibiting hormones released by the ______.

brain

How can expectations be exhausting and restricting?

by reducing the possibilities for spontaneity by leaving you unable to do what others want of you

As the semester progressed, Latoya was experiencing several internal stressors regarding her roommate and did not want the situation to get out of control. While walking with her roommate back from class, Latoya respectfully and assertively addressed her concerns. Latoya demonstrated how to effectively

communicate.

Wanda is working on a project with two classmates and is caught in the middle of their dispute over how to approach it. Both classmates have great ideas with valid hypotheses. The deadline for the project is one week away. Which of the following is a problem-solving technique that Wanda can use to effectively resolve the issue?

considering alternative solutions

Erin is having a challenging time focusing in her health class because she does not find the instructor engaging. Which strategy would demonstrate that she is managing her stress through thinking and acting constructively?

raising her hand and asking insightful questions

Which of the following is a recommended approach to help prevent a number of serious diseases?

responding effectively to stress

Despite there being no cure for tension headaches, an individual can obtain relief by taking over-the-counter pain killers, having a massage, taking a shower, or

resting.

What is the major function of the endocrine system?

secreting hormones

To stay positive, Rebecca is incorporating a technique called ______. By doing this, she will change her inner dialogue and talk to herself in the same way she would to a loved one.

self-talk

While playing football, Otto falls and appears to be in severe pain. The ______ division of his autonomic nervous system has been engaged.

sympathetic

Regan is an individual who wants to help others as much as possible, and her friends and family look to her for support and guidance. However, Regan is stressed by the overwhelming demands on her time. She needs to ______, prioritize, and set realistic goals to reduce stressors.

take control

After a long day as an intern, Cassie had dull, steady pain on both sides of her head. Cassie is most likely experiencing a

tension headache.

You are hiking along a trail in the woods when you spot a bear that was behind a nearby tree. Immediately, your heart is racing, your palms are sweaty, and your legs are shaking as you take a split second to decide what to do. This scenario is an example of

the body's fight-or-flight reaction to danger.

Marcela has just found out that she has been accepted to her first choice of colleges. This positive psychological stressor will cause Marcela to experience

the same basic set of physiological reactions as she would experience with any other type of stressor.