Chapter 2

Preterm infants, or premature infants, are born prior to ____ weeks after conception. A. 38 B. 30 C. 33 D. 36

A. 38

The prenatal procedure by which a sample of fetal cells is drawn from the fluid surrounding the fetus is called ____. A. Amniocentesis B. Chorionic villus sampling C. Sonogram D. Embryoscopy

A. Amniocentesis

The field of ____ ____ studies the effects of heredity on psychological characteristics, such as personality and habits. A. Behavioral genetics B. Genetic counseling C. Genome sequencing D. Child development

A. Behavioral genetics

One major personality trait that has been linked to genetic factors is ____, defined as the degree to which a person is outgoing and seeks contact with others. A. Extroversion B. Introversion C. Friendliness D. Neuroticisim

A. Extroversion

Most traits are governed by a combination of gene pairs rather than a single pair of genes. This is called ____. A. Polygenic inheritance B. X-linked genes C. Behavioral genetics D. Dominant traits

A. Polygenic inheritance

The use of a(n) ____, which is designed to increase the size of the opening of the vagina, has fallen into disfavor in recent years and is diminishing in frequency. A. episiotomy B. oxytocin C. induced labor D. Braxton-Hicks contraction

A. episiotomy

Which of the following is an environmental factor that may influence the intelligence of a child? A. friendships with intelligent peers B. spatial skills C. father's intelligence D. genetic make-up

A. friendships with intelligent peers

The most informative way that researchers can learn about the different effects of nature and nurture on human development is through studies of ____. A. identical twins raised separately B. primates and other animals similar to humans C. siblings separated by divorce while still young D. nonrelated children raised in the same household

A. identical twins raised separately

A person's ____, defined as enduring patterns of arousal and emotionality in an individual, has a strong genetic basis, but it can be influenced by environmental factors such as family traits and behaviors. A. temperament B. sensitivity C. reactivity D. character

A. temperament

Which of the following can be seen as an indication that intelligence has a strong genetic basis? A. Though reared in a book-free environment, Jason loves reading and is an excellent student. B. Brianna's IQ scores are nearly the same as those of her identical twin Suzanna. C. Alec excels at academics, while his fraternal twin Zack is better at sports. D. Camilla enjoys reading the same sorts of books as her mother.

B. Brianna's IQ scores are nearly the same as those of her identical twin Suzanna.

____ ____ is a disorder produced by the presence of an extra chromosome on the 21st pair. A. Fragile X syndrome B. Down syndrome C. Sickle-cell anemia D. Tay-Sachs disease

B. Down syndrome

____, defined as death within the first year of life, occurs in 6.17 out of 1,000 live births. A. Stillbirth delivery B. Infant mortality C. Premature death D. SIDS

B. Infant mortality

A(n) ____ occurs when pregnancy ends before the developing child is able to survive outside the mother's womb. A. Ectopic pregnancy B. Miscarriage C. Premature birth D. Stillbirth

B. Miscarriage

Because the genetic backgrounds of ____ twins are identical, researchers can conclude that variations in their behavior must be due to environmental factors. A. Dizygotic B. Monozygotic C. Heterozygous D. Homozygous

B. Monozygotic

____ is a childbirth technique based on the principle that giving birth should be as natural as possible and should not involve the use of medications or medical interventions. A. The Lamaze Method B. The Bradley Method C. Hypnobirthing D. Water birthing

B. The Bradley Method

During the ____ stage of prenatal development, the fertilized egg, or blastocyst, attached itself to the wall of the uterus. A. embryonic B. germinal C. fetal D. zygotic

B. germinal

In the procedure known as ____, a man's sperm is used to fertilize a woman's ova in a laboratory. A. reproductive intervention B. in vitro fertilization C. surrogate motherhood D. artificial insemination

B. in vitro fertilization

An environment agent such as a drug, chemical, virus, or other factor that produces a birth defect is called a(n) ____. A. pollutant B. teratogen C. abnormality D. exposure

B. teratogen

The human genetic code, transmitted at the moment of conception and stored in our genes, is composed of specific sequences of ____. A. Cells B. Membranes C. DNA D. Chromosomes

C. DNA

The presence of an extra X chromosome in male babies produces ____, a disease characterized by genetic abnormalities. A. Sickle-cell anemia B. Fragile X syndrome C. Klinefelter's syndrome D. Tay-Sachs disease

C. Klinefelter's syndrome

When a cluster of cells in the ovum splits off within the first two weeks after fertilization and forms two identical zygotes, the result is ____. A. Premature birth B. Dizygotoc twins C. Monozygotic twins D. Quadruplets

C. Monozygotic twins

Noticing that their baby daughter seems to love singing and dancing, her nonmusical parent's stream music into the house constantly and purchase a piano and child-sized guitar. This is an example of ____. A. nurture influencing nature B. the inheritance of personality traits C. genes influencing the environment D. the phenotype influencing the genotype

C. genes influencing the environment

Theresa has been described as a "natural athlete." Her room at home is full soccer balls, basketball nets, softball bats, and similar sports items. This is an example of how ____ can influence ____. A. the phenotype; the genotype B. nurture; nature C. genes; the environment D. the environment; genetics

C. genes; the environment

Each human parent contributes ____ to the developing zygote. A. 23 X chromosomes and 23 Y chromosomes B. 23 genes C. one of each pair of 23 chromosomes D. 46 genes

C. one of each pair of 23 chromosomes

One factor in the increased reliance on Cesarean delivery in the United States is ____. A. the higher incidence of breech births B. wider awareness of the health benefits of the procedure for the mother C. the greater use of fetal heart monitors D. wider awareness of the health benefits of the procedure for the baby

C. the greater use of fetal heart monitors

The noninvasive prenatal testing procedure that is commonly used to determine the size and shape of the baby and to monitor developmental patterns is called ____. A. amniocentesis B. chronic villus sampling C. ultrasound sonography D. an Apgar screen

C. ultrasound sonography

____ studies the effects of heredity on behavior and psychological characteristics. A. Evolutionary science B. Operant conditioning C. Behavioral psychology D. Behavioral genetics

D. Behavioral genetics

In a(n) ____ delivery, the baby is surgically removed from the uterus rather than traveling through the birth canal. A. Breech B. Emergency C. Uterine D. Cesarean

D. Cesarean

When sperm enter the vagina, they go through the cervix and into the fallopian tube, where ____ may take place. A. Insemination B. Ejaculation C. Ovulation D. Conception

D. Conception

A ____ is the underlying combination of genetic material present (but outwardly invisible) in an organism. A. Phenotype B. Recessive trait C. Dominant trait D. Genotype

D. Genotype

In the United States, which of the following is major reason for the high rate of infant mortality in African American births compared with White births? A. older parents B. more home births C. parents who have a disposition towards genetic diseases D. higher rates of poverty

D. Higher rates of poverty

The fact that many human traits are determined by a combination of genetic and environmental factors is referred to as ____. A. Joint evolution B. Binary influence C. Natural selection D. Multifactorial transmission

D. Multifactorial transmission

The ____ pair of chromosomes determines the sex of the child. A. First B. Fourth C. Forty-sixth D. Twenty-third

D. Twenty-third

The joining of sperm and ovum to create the single-celled zygote from which life begins is referred to as ____. A. pregnancy B. ovulation C. ejaculation D. fertilization

D. fertilization

A baby who is still unborn two weeks after the mother's due date is considered a ____ infant. A. small-for-gestational-age B. high-birthweight C. preterm D. postmature

D. postmature