Chapter 2: Beginnings of English America, 1607-1660

Pilgrims, the first Puritans to emigrate to America, sailed in 1620 to Cape Cod aboard the _______.

"Mayflower"; adult men signed the *Mayflower Compact* before going ashore.

What was the English Civil War of the 1640s and what did it do?

Caused by the split between Parliament and King Charles I. The country was split between those who supported the king and those who supported parliament. It illuminated debates about liberty and what it meant to be a "freeborn Englishman". It lead to a great expansion of the concept of the English freedom. Parliament won.

Maryland was established in 1632 as a proprietary colony under _________. He saw it as a place that would act as a _________.

Cecilius Calvert; refuge for persecuted Catholics

Without sustained immigration, most settlements in America would have _______.

Collapsed

New Haven and Hartford joined to become the colony of ________ in 1662.

Connecticut

The expansion of tobacco led to an increased demand for _____.

Field labor

In New England, _____ and ______ were exported, but the economy centered on family farms.

Fishing; timber

The English forced the Indians to recognize that they were lower in society in Jamestown. What did the English do?

Forced them to sign a treaty saying they would move to tribal reservations to the west and not enter areas of European settlement without permission.

Although death rates in Maryland were higher, it seemed to have offered servants greater opportunity for ________ than Virginia.

Land ownership

Who was Oliver Cromwell and what did he do?

Led the Parliament Army to victory in the English Civil War. He ruled England in 1649 until his death in 1658. He forcibly/violently took control of Ireland, banned the public practice of Catholicism and seized land owned by Catholics.

What were the Puritans in search of?

Liberty and the right to worship and govern themselves. Puritans were governed by a "moral liberty"

Land was the basis of _____ and a sourch of ____ and _____ for colonial officials.

Liberty; wealth; power

How was New England settlement different from that in the Chesapeake colonies?

NE had a more equal balance of men and women NE had longer life expectancy NE had more families NE had a healthier climate

What were England's motives for colonizing America?

National glory, profit, and a missionary zeal. The basis of England's empire would be through trade rather than gold.

Per capita wealth in ________ lagged far behind that of the ________, but it was much more equally distributed.

New England; Chesapeake

Some members of New England clashed with the church an left to establish a new town, Portsmouth, in ____________.

New Hampshire

Once the English decided on a permanent colony instead of merely a trading post, conflict was inevitable. Openchancanough, ______ brother, led an attack on Virginia's settlers in 1622.

Pawhatan's

It was hoped, in Maryland, that Catholics and Protestants could live in harmony, but _____ always outnumbered ______.

Protestants; Catholics

The _____ made no real attempt to convert the Inidans in the first two decades.

Puritans

New England was a place of religious persecution. _______ were hanged in Massachusetts.

Quakers; Religious tolerance violate "moral liberty"

England's stability in the 16th centrury was undermined by _________.

Religious conflicts

Maryland was on the verge of total anarchy in the 1640s due to the emergance of _____ and _____ battles.

Religious; political

Roger Williams was banned from Massachusetts in 1636, so he established ______.

Rhode Island. He made it a beacon of religious freedom and a democratic government.

How were Massachusetts's government and society organized?

Self-governing towns; Each town had a Congragational Church and a school.

Who was Anne Huchinson?

She was a well-educated, articulate woman who charged that nearly all ministers in Massachusetts (Puritans) were guilty of faulty preaching. She was placed on trial in 1637 for sedition. On trial, she spoke of divine revelations. She and her followers were banished.

Who elected the governor of Massachusetts?

The freemen

A worsening economy and the enclosure movenemtn led to an increase in _______.

The number of poor and a social crisis. The poor were encouraged to leave England for the New World.

Puritans considered religious belief to be a complex and demanding matter. What did they urge believers to do and whose teaching did they follow?

They urged believers to seek the truth by reading the Bible and listening to sermons. They follow the teachings of John Calvin.

True or False? The English government issued charters (grants of exclusive rights and privileges) to Sir Humphrey Gilbert and Sir Walter Raleigh authorizing them to colonize America at their own expense, but both failed.

True

T/F Powhatan, the leader of 30 tribes near Jamestown, eagerly traded with the Enlgish.

True. English-Indian relations were mostly peaceful throughout the first 2 years.

True or False? The English were interested in displacing the Indians and settling on their land.

True. The English had no interest in gaining dominance over the Native American people.

True or False? "A Discourse Concerning Western Planting" argued that the settlement would strike a blow at Spain, England's enemy.

True. The English used the fact that the Spanish were known for being murderous and tyrannical to make themselves seem more inviting.

True or False? Between 1607 and 1700 a little over half a million people left England for Ireland, the West Indies, and North America.

True. The majority of the people who settled in America were young, single men from the bottom rungs of English society.

English goods, such as woven cloth, metal kettles, iron axes, fish hooks, hoes, and guns, were integrated into Indian life. These goods changed Indian _______, _______ and _____ practices.

farming; hunting; cooking

Tobacco was Virginia's "______" and its production reached 30 million pounds by the 1680s

gold

The Connecticut General Court set a _______ for anyone who chose to live with the Indians.

penalty

The English acquired land by ______ often in _____ forced upon the Indians after they had suffered military defeat.

purchase; treaties

Puritans defined liberties by ______, producing a rigid hierarchal society justified by _______.

social rank; God's will

The 17th century was marked by recurrent _____ between colonists and Indians.

warfare; English were significantly better in wars

Who did Virginia side with during the English Civil War?

The King (Charles I)

Who did most New Englanders side with during the English Civil War?

The Parliament

The Virginia Company surrendered its charter to the crown in _____.

1624

___/___ of English settlers came to North America as indentured servents who did not enjoy any liberties whil under contract.

2/3rds

What did Puritans hope to establish by immigrating to the New World?

A Bible Commonwealth that would eventually influence England.

Who was Roger Williams?

A young Puritan minister. He preached that any citizen ought to be free to practice whatever form of religion he chose. He believed that it was essential to separate church and state.

What was the Pequot War?

As the white population grew, conflict with the Indians became unavoidable and the turning point came when a fur trader was killed by Pequots. Colonists warred against the Pequots in 1637, exterminating the tribe.

England's methods to conquer Ireland established patterns that would be repeated in ________.

America

What was the Act Concerning Religion?

An act adopted by Maryland in 1649 which institutionalized the principles of toleration that had prevailed from the colony's beginning. Only Christians were guaranteed the "free exercise" of religion

_______ had become deeply ingrained in English pop culture.

Anti-Catholicism

Why did Virginian societies lack a stable family life?

Because males were needed to work in tobacco fields, men outnumbered women 5:1. This produced a society with large numbers of single men, widows and orphans.

Based on trade within the _________, a powerful merchant class rose up and assumed a growing role.

British Empire

Puritans emerged from the Protestant Reformation in England. Puritans beleived that the Church of England retained too many elements of _______.

Catholicism

Church government in Massachusetts was _______.

Decentralized; Full church membership was required to vote in colony-wide elections. Church and colonial government were intricately linked, even though ministers were forbidden to hold office in Massachusetts.

After the English Civil War, what was the more general definition of freedom?

England was a community of free individuals and all Englishmen were governed by a king, but "he rules over *free* men"

What country's family structure did the puritans replicate?

England's with the men at the head of the household. Women were allowed full church membership and divorce was legal, but a woman was expected to obey her husband fully.

What was the Half-Way Covenant?

In 1662 the half-way covenant was as a compromise for the grandchildren of the Great Migration, granting half-way membership in the church. Because the grandchildren were born into the religion, members were worried that allowing them to be members of the church would make the church less religiously pure. But not allowing them in the church would limit the church size and social influence.

The English increasingly viewed America as a land where a man could control his own land and thus gain ________________

Independence, particularly through the ownership of land.

What did the Body of Liberties do?

It affirmed the rights of free speech and assembly and equal protection for all

Settled in 1607, ________ had high death rates, frequent change in leadership, and inadequate supplies from England.

Jamestown; by 1616 about 80% of the initial colonists were dead

Following the English Civil War of the 1640s, the idea of freedom took on a new an expanded meaning, and political groups formed. What did John Milton want? What did the Levellers want? What did the Diggers want?

John Milton called for freedom of speech and press in the 1640s. The Levellers called for an even greater expansion of liberty that shifted away from a definition based on social class and toward equal rights. The Diggers attempted to abolish private property rights, in hopes of restoring land to the common people rather than the wealthy (king and nobles)

Pocahontas married _____.

John Rolfe; symbolizing Anglo-Indian harmony

_____ was able to get the colony of Jamestown on its feet. What 3 policies were adopted to aid in its survival?

John Smith; Headright system, a charter of grants and liberties, and slavery (1619)

What was the Magna Carta (Great Charter)?

Signed in 1215, it was an agreement between King John and a group of barons that attempted to put an end to a chronic state of civil unrest. It listed a list of "liberties" granted by the king to "all the *free* men of our realm," which was a restricted group at the time. Embodied "English Freedom" --> Habeas corpus (a protection against being imprisoned without a legal charge); the right to face ones accuser; and trial by jury

Why did women have more freedom in the colonies?

Since the ratio of men to women was 5:1, many women did not marry, which allowed her to enjoy an independent legal identity denied to married women.

In addition to the traditional liberties, in England, based on _______, the idea that certain rights of Englishmen applied to ____ within the kingdom.

Social status; all

In New England, most migrants were _______ and _______.

Textile craftsman; farmers

The pilgrims invited their Indian allies and the first _______ was celebrated in 1621.

Thanksgiving