Chapter 2: Encounter and Conquest

by 1800, Spanish immigration to the Americas _______

continued to be very small

Francisco Vasquez de Coronado's strangling of his Native American guide was representative of the ___________

growing cruelty toward native peoples that characterized the frustrated conquistadors

Why didn't Portugal colonize West Africa before the nineteenth century?

There were too many people living there to easily conquer, West African powers were well organized and protected their land, Malaria killed a large number of Portuguese settlers

Portugal could not colonize the African continent because Africa's kingdoms were high organized and its ______.

diseases ravaged settlers

Which of the following does not represent a cultural advantage the Spanish had over the Aztecs?

knowledge of diseases

Which of the following characteristics did the Aztec and SPanish civilizations share?

a largely rural and agricultural population

The Spanish empire in the Americas was governed primarily by ____________

bureaucrats

The term historians use to describe the reciprocal transfer of plants, animals, and humans between the eastern and western hemispheres is the ________ __________

Columbian Exchange

In 1519 the Spanish conquistador ________ ________ made the first European contact with the Aztecs, who ruled a vast empire in what is now Mexico.

Hernan Cortes

Which era marked the shift from slave to serf labor in Europe?

the Middle Ages

What was the wealthiest and most advanced country in the world in the mid-fifteenth century?

China

Which of the following statements about Europe in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries are true?

Most of Europe's people made their living from the land, Europe had high levels of infant mortality due to undernourishment and disease

Ferdinand and Isabella agreed to support the voyage of Columbus after they completed the reconquisto, which was achieved when they took the kingdom of ____________ in 1492.

Granada

What was the first continent to experience Europe's expansionist activities?

Africa

Who controlled sub-Saharan African trade routes in the fifteenth century?

Africa kingdoms

By the late fifteenth century, the focal point of European sugar production shifted to the Azores and other islands in the eastern __________ that were noted for their rich, volcanic soil

Atlantic Ocean

The __________ and the growth of the Ottoman Empire reduced Portuguese access to traditional sources of slave labor for their sugar plantations.

Black Death

Juan Ponce de Leon landed in what is now the state of _________ on the North American continent

Florida

Which statement about the overall history of slavery is most accurate?

Slavery has existed throughout human history and has taken various forms

One of the advantages that allowed the Spanish to intimidate and eventually defeat the Aztecs was ________.

advanced metal weaponry

Bartolome de Las Casas helped popularize the so-called "Black Legend" of Spain, which indicated the empire for its _______.

exploitation of natives

Which of the following was not a major reason for early Spanish explorers' interest in the lands and peoples of the Americas?

opportunities to develop trade relationships with native peoples

Inadequate infrastructure and constant warfare in early modern Europe threatened _______

the food supply

In addition to exploring Peru, Hernan de Soto led an expedition through what is now _________

the southeastern United States

When Columbus presented his case for the second time to Ferdinand and Isabella, he was successful. For what purpose did the monarchs want the revenue his voyage would, hopefully, produce?

to continue the reconquista