Chapter 2 Intro to Nutrition

Which of the following are suggestions to help consumers make healthful and logical nutrition decisions?

- Avoid practitioners who prescribe unnecessary megadoses of nutrients. -Examine the scientific credentials of the individual or company making a claim. -Read product labels carefully. -Apply healthy nutrition practices to confirm or disprove claims.

What are some important questions to ask when evaluating the legitimacy of nutrition information?

- Does the author have reliable credentials? - Where does the information originate? - What motivates the authors?

A website that is authored or sponsored by one person tends to provide ____ information.

biased

A factor that may not be studied but may affect a research outcome is called a ______ variable.

cofounding

Observational epidemiological research includes

cohort and case-control studies

A valid experiment requires both a treatment and______ group

control

Cohort studies can be retrospective or

prospective

Pellagra was especially widespread in the United States in the early 1900s in which area of the country?

southern us

Which terms best describes marketing a product with a personal endorsement?

testimonial

True or false: The dynamic and rapidly advancing field of nutrition necessitates that scientists change their recommendations in the light of new, substantiated findings.

true

the second step of the scientific method is to

form a hypothesis

Nutrient deficiency diseases are a result of ______.

poor diets and lack of proper nutrition

is a disease that was widespread in the United States during the early 1900s. People with this disease dealt with weakness, diarrhea, skin rashes, and mental confusion.

pellagra

A(n) ___ describes the role a nutrient or dietary supplement plays in maintaining a structure, such as bone or promoting a normal function, such as digestion.

structure/function claim

Choose the descriptions that accurately define the scientific method?

-A procedure designed to discover reproducible results -Educated guess about the relationship between a variable and an outcome -Testing a hypothesis in order to draw an evidence-based conclusion

Which of the following is true about a case-control study?

Individuals with a health condition are matched with individuals without the condition but with similar characteristics.

Experimental epidemiological studies utilize

a treatment group and a control group

A(n) _______ is a report of personal experiences.

anecdote

A limitation of observational studies is that nutrition scientists can only look for a ______ between variables and health outcomes.

correlation

The type of research conducted when an investigator measures the frequency of diabetes in different populations is termed

epidemiology studies

A ______ is a systematic way of testing a hypothesis.

experiment

Choose an example of a nutrient deficiency disease.

lack of niacin leading to pellagra

What is the first step in the scientific method?

make observation of a natural phenomenon

A _______ is a factor such as a person's age, weight, or environment that can change and influence an outcome

variable

National standards for height, weight, and blood pressure are established using data from _______ research

NHANES

Which of the following is true about control groups?

The results of an experiment are unclear or inaccurate if no control group is used.

Epidemiologists often rely on ______ people to obtain health data.

surveys of physical examinations of

Who are the subjects in a case-control study?

Person(s) without the disease or condition under investigation Person(s) with the disease or condition under investigation

In vivo animal studies must be interpreted carefully because

there are physiological differences between humans and other animals.

Which of the following occurs after completion of an experiment?

- Scientists figure out if the findings support or disprove the hypothesis. - Scientists seek to publish the results in scientific journals. - Scientists summarize the findings.

true or false: Studying the different dietary practices and disease occurrences among populations, nutrition scientists may learn much about the influence of diet on health.

true

Scientists expect researchers to avoid relying on their personal attitudes and _________ when selecting participants for research and collecting and analyzing data.

biases

The study of dietary and disease patterns among various populations is known as

epidemiology

When a friend tells you she is taking a vitamin B complex supplement and she feels more energetic as a result, she is sharing an __________, or a report of a personal experience.

anecdote

it is easier to

disprove a hypothesis as being untrue than to verify one as true