Chapter 2 Intro to Psychology Narby
Maria and Isadore take the Test of Marital Compatibility several times. Their first score is 99 ("Made for Each Other"). The second time their score is 24 ("Run, Don't Walk Out of the Relationship"). This test lacks ____.
reliability
experimental group
Participants in an experiment who are exposed to the experimental condition of interest.
Animal welfare advocates would permit laboratory research with animals provided
Treatment was humane in the research had great potential value
descriptive research
Research that involves the recording of behaviors that have been observed systematically.
Experimental method
Research that manipulates one or more variables, while controlling other factors, to determine that affects on one or more other variables.
A social researcher compares the covers of two weekly magazine published over the previous five years to see how many entertainment, sports, or political figures appeared on their respective covers during this period. This is an example of
Archival research
Which of the following refers to the systematic examination of collections of letters manuscript tape recordings video recordings or other records?
Archival research
correlational research
Research that studies the degree of relationship between two or more variables.
What term describes a source of knowledge based on the assumption that knowledge comes from the objective, systematic observation and measurement a particular variables in the events they affect?
Scientific method
internal validity
The extent to which changes in a dependent variable can be attributed to one or more independent variables rather than to a confounding variable.
external validity
The extent to which the results of a research study can be generalized to other people, animals, or settings.
If student scores on the first quiz are 2, 6, 7, 7, 9, and 10, then the range is _____.
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Variance
A Measure based on the average deviation of a set of scores from their group mean.
statistical significance
A low probability usually less than 5% that the results of a research study or do to chance factors rather than to the independent variable.
Scientist and therefore psychologist, tend to be determinists that is they believe that
All events have physical and ultimately knowable causes
Scientists, and therefore psychologist, tend to be determinists; that is, they believe that____.
All events have physical and ultimately knowable causes
In the last five basketball games he has played, Juan shot 1,2,3,4 and 4 free throw shot during the game. The mode number of shots is
4
The last five basketball games he has played one shot 1,2,3,4 and 4 free throw shots during the game the mode number of shots is
4
negative correlation
A correlation in which variables tend to change values in opposite directions.
Which of the following characteristics relates to positive correlation?
A correlation in which variables tend to change values in the same direction
positive correlation
A correlation in which variables tend to change values in the same direction.
Psychological test
A formal sample of a person's behavior, whether written or performed.
Population
A group of individuals who share certain characteristics.
Sample
A group of participants selected from a population.
What name is given to the degree of relationship between two or more variables?
correlation
Standardization
A procedure ensuring that a test is administered and scored in a consistent manner.
double-blind technique
A procedure that controls experimenter bias and participant bias by preventing experimenters and participants from knowing which participants have been assigned to particular conditions.
Debriefing
A procedure, after the completion of a research study, that informs participants of the purpose of the study and aims to remove any physical or psychological distress caused by participation.
There is a relatively weak relationship between the number of programs on home computers and college GPAs
A researcher calculate a correlation of .21 between the number of software programs on students home computers and college GPA. What does this communicate about the relationship between these two factors
norm
A score, based on the test performances of large numbers of participants, that is used as a standard for assessing the performances of test takers.
Falsification
A serious ethical violation in the treatment of data
Falsification
A serious ethical violation in the treatment of data.
survey
A set of questions related to a particular topic of interest administered to a sample of people through an interview or questionnaire.
Scientific Method
A source of knowledge based on the assumption that knowledge comes from the objective, systematic observation and measurement of particular variables and the events they affect.
measure of variability
A statistic describing the degree of dispersion in a set of scores.
What is meant by standard deviation
A statistic representing the degree of dispersion of a set of scores around their mean
standard deviation
A statistic representing the degree of dispersion of a set of scores around their mean.
range
A statistic representing the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a set of scores.
coefficient of correlation
A statistic that assesses the degree of association between two or more variables.
Measure of central tendency
A statistic that represents the "typical" score in a set of scores.
self-fulfilling prophecy
A teacher's expectations can affect the students performance.
meta-analysis
A technique that combines the results of many similar studies to determine the effect size of a particular kind of independent variable.
Hypothesis
A testable prediction about the relationship between two or more events or characteristics.
Researchers observe a positive correlation between the number of churches in the number of bars in a city although it is possible that there is a casual relationship between these two variables it is more likely that
A third variable (e.g., population) causes the relationship between the variables
Independent variable
A variable manipulated by the experimenter to determine its affect on another, dependent, variable.
Which of the following characteristics relates to a dependent variable?
A variable showing the effect of the independent variable
dependent variable
A variable showing the effect of the independent variable.
confounding variable
A variable whose unwanted effect on the dependent variable might be confused with that of the independent variable.
Causation
An effect of one or more variables on another variable.
Variable
An event, behavior, condition, or characteristic that has two or more values.
Failed Experiment
An experiment that is conducted in real life as opposed to laboratory settings.
Theory
An integrated set of statements that summarizes and explains research findings and from which research hypothesis can be derived.
Skepticism
Anattitude that doubts all claims not supported by solid research evidence.
Variable
And event, behavior, condition, or characteristic that has two or more values.
Placebo
And in active substance that might induce some of the effects of the drug for which it has been substituted.
case study
And in-depth study of an individual.
A large number of college students volunteered for Dr. Locke's study on study skills. One half of the volunteers will be undergoing extra training to improve their study skills; the other half will use the equivalent time to do a quiet study session. How can Dr. Locke best ensure that participant variables such as age, current GPA, and sleep patterns do not affect the outcome of the study?
By using random assignment of participants to conditions
Which of the following refers to a statistic that assesses the degree of association between two or more variables
Coefficient of correlation
Psychologist often publish the results of their studies in academic journals. This stage of research is_____.
Communicating
Which of the following refers to a variable whose unwanted affect on the dependent variable might be confused with that of the independent variable?
Confounding variable
The______ provides a standard of comparison for the experimental group
Control group
The purpose of the classic Rosenthal and fode (1963) Study involving "bright" and "dull"rats was to
Demonstrate how an experimenter's expectations could influence the outcome of a study
What name is given to the degree of relationship between two or more variables
Correlation
In conducting research, the psychologist tries to alleviate any possible harm caused by deception by
Debriefing the participants fully
Ethologist
Dr. Lee studies the social and sexual behavior of squirrels in a large part. Dr. Nguyen studies the communication and hunting behavior of river dolphins these researchers are ethologists
Dr. Lee studies the social and sexual behavior of squirrels in a large part. Dr. Nguyen studies the communication and hunting behavior of river dolphins. These researchers are
Ethologists
Which of the following refers to participants in an experiment who are exposed to that experimental condition of interest?
Experimental group
To determine whether there is a casual relationship between variables, scientist use the _______.
Experimental method
Which of the following refers to the extent to which the results of a research study can be generalized to other people, animals, or settings?
External validity
Serious ethical violation in the treatment of data is
Falsification
What name is given to the experiment that is conducted in real-life as opposed to the laboratory settings?
Field experiment
Human factors psychologist is testing whether the noise of a particular machine causes irritability and decreased performance. Research participants sign a statement that explains the nature of the study and that there might be a discomfort during the procedure. Their signature indicates that they understand the nature of the study and agreed to participate. Those who signed the statement ____.
Have given informed consent
Overall, naturalistic observation will provide more accurate findings
If the researchers are unobtrusive
An analysis of the "hot hands" of basketball players in the national basketball Association
Indicated that research evidence can disapprove common sense
Psychologist usually except a difference as statistically different when there is a less than_____ percent probability that the difference is a product of chance.
Inferential statistics
A researcher asks two groups of students to fast after midnight. The next morning the researcher gives a caffeine pill to one group and a neutral pill to the other and then gives both groups a problem-solving task. Here the independent variable is
Ingestion of caffeine or a neutral pill
The experimenter must also ensure the ____ of the experiment by controlling any extraneous factors who is FX on the dependent variable might be confused with those of the independent variable in order to show a cause-and-effect relationship.
Internal validity
Why is it so difficult for researchers to accurately predict the behavior of a particular person or animal in a scientific study?
It is impossible to know all the factors influencing an individual at a particular time.
Why is it so difficult for researchers to accurately predict the behavior of a particular person or animal in a scientific study?
It is impossible to know all the factors influencing in individual at a particular time
Which of the following refers to the arithmetic average of a set of scores?
Mean
What name is given to the statistic that represents the "typical "score in a set of scores?
Measure of central tendency
After analyzing the relevant data, a researcher concludes that the difference in the behavior of two groups with statistically significant. This means that
Most likely, differences were caused by the independent variable rather than by chance
Jane Goodall's
Naturalistic observation of chimpanzees in the wild contributed to our understanding of their every day habits.
A researcher studying college students finds that the more our students devote to watching television, that lower they score on a test of creativity. These variables are more accurately described as
Negatively correlated
What name is given to a score that is based on the test performance of large numbers of participants used as a standard for assessing the performances of test takers?
Norm
Dr. Martinez is systematic and her observations. That is, she
Notes only what is relevant to her research hypothesis
What name is given to the tendency of people who know they are participants in a study to behave differently than they normally would?
Participate bias
causation versus correlation
People who exercise regularly tend to be thinner than those who do not. But is exercise the cause of then physics? Perhaps not.
A researcher studying career success finds that 10 years after graduation, managers who wrote more term papers while in college generally have higher positions in larger salaries compared to those who did fewer college term papers. The relationship between the number of term papers and career success is best described as a
Positive correlation
The Pygmalion effect
Professor A believes that, with proper instruction, beginning psychology students can develop original and testable hypotheses. Professor B believes that no matter the type of level of instruction, beginning psychology students cannot originate good hypotheses. At the end of every semester, professor A has several students running good experiments while professor B has none. This example demonstrates
Which of the following refers to a formal sample of a person's behavior, whether written or performed?
Psychological test
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Psychologist usually except a difference at statistically different when there is a less than percent probability that the difference is a product of chance
What name is given to the statistic representing the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a set of scores?
Range
Why is replication important in the scientific method?
Repetition permits greater confidence that the findings are accurate
zero correlation
Scores on one variable are unrelated to scores on another.
negative correlation
Scores on one variable increases, as scores on another variable decreases.
positive correlation
Scores on the variables increase and decrease together.
Which of the following refers to an attitude that doubts or claims not supported by solid research
Skepticism
The most common measure of variability that psychologist report using is the
Standard deviation
descriptive statistics
Statistics that summarize research data.
inferential statistics
Statistics used to determine whether changes in a dependent variable are caused by an independent variable.
Professor Patel records scores on the first psychology examination of the semester. She calculates the mean and median scores for the class, as well as the standard deviation. Her calculations serve to _____.
Summarize the performance of the class as a whole
Professor Patel records student scores on the first psychology examination of the semester. She calculates the mean and median scores for the class, as well as the standard deviation. Her calculations serve to
Summarize the performance of the class as a whole
What term describes a set of questions related to a particular topic of interest administered to a sample of people through an interview or questionnaire
Survey
random assignment
That assignment of participants to experimental and control conditions so that each participant is as likely to be assigned to one condition as to another.
APA code of ethics
The American psychological Association contain specific requirements for the treatment of human participants and has published books detailing the ethical treatment of volunteers in experiments.
What is meant by the term mode?
The Score that occurs most frequently a set of scores
mean
The arithmetic average of a set of scores.
Determinism
The assumption that every event has physical, potentially measurable, causes.
operational definition
The definition of behaviors or qualities in terms of the procedures used to measure or produce them.
Correlation
The degree of relationship between two or more variables.
Reliability
The extent to which a test gives consistent results.
Validity
The extent to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure.
Median
The middle score in a set of scores that have been ordered from lowest to highest.
control group
The participants in an experiment who are not exposed to the experimental condition of interest.
naturalistic observation
The recording of the behavior of people or animals in their natural environment, with little or no intervention by the researcher.
What is meant by replication?
The repetition of a research study, usually with some alterations in its methods or setting, to determine whether the principles derived from that study hold up under similar circumstances
Replication
The repetition of a research study, usually with some alterations in its methods or setting, to determine whether the principles derived from that study hold up under similar circumstances.
Mode
The score that occurs most frequently in a set of scores.
Which of the following characteristics relates to random sampling?
The selection of a sample from a population so that each member of the population has an equal chance of being included
random sampling
The selection of a sample from a population so that each member of the population has an equal chance of being included.
Ethology
The study of animal behavior in the natural environment.
archival research
The systematic examination of collections of letters, manuscripts, tape recordings, video recordings, or other records.
self-fulfilling prophecy
The tendency for research participants to behave or perform the way and experimenter expects them to
Experimenter bias affect
The tendency of experimenters to let their expectancies alter the way they treat their participants.
participant bias
The tendency of people who know they are participants in a study to behave differently than they normally would.
Measurement
The use of numbers to represent events or characteristics.
Which statement accurately describes the position of extreme animal rights advocates?
They insist that no laboratory research of any kind be carried out with animals
Why are researchers concerned about the use of volunteer participants?
Those who volunteer may or may not be representative of people in general
What is an independent variable?
Very well manipulated by the experimenter to determine its affect on another dependent variable
Negative correlation
Which of the following refers to a correlation in which variables tend to change values in opposite directions?
Students in elementary school and high school participated in a study regarding the effects of watching violent TV on aggression. The elementary school kids watched 10 hours of violent TV and the high school students watched no hours of violent TV. What is a confounding variable in this study?
age of the students
Case study
an in-depth study of an individual
In an experiment, independent variable is to dependent variable as ____.
cause is to effect
To use deception ethically in a study, a researcher must ____.
convince an Institutional Review Board that the study's value justifies deception
In a report to the president of your college, the admissions director calculates the average high school GPA for the recently admitted freshman class. He also calculates the range of SAT scores and the mean "number of years since last attended college" for older, returning students. The director is using ____.
descriptive statistics
Shaunda notices that most of her married friends have ended up getting divorced. As a result, she predicts that most marriages end in divorce. She has just ____.
formed a hypothesis
Which of the following refers to the definition of behaviors or qualities in terms of the procedures used to measure or produce them?
operational definition
To determine if the data collected supports a hypothesis, a researcher makes use of
statistical techniques
In one study, the experimental group is given a standard healthy breakfast each morning. The control group skips breakfast. At the end of each class day, both groups are tested to see how much they retained of what was taught that day. The experimental group is found to retain significantly more material compared to the control group. To evaluate the external validity of this finding,
the study should be replicated
For a particular study, Dr. Jones wants to compare "good students" with "poor students" on some factor. To be classified as a "good student" the participant's GPA must be above 3.5. To be classified as a "poor student" the participant's GPA must be below 2.5. Thus, Dr. Jones has ____.
used measurement to operationally define important characteristics
Child development researchers survey 2,000 parents and inquire about how frequently they use physical punishment (spanking, slapping, hitting, etc.) to discipline their children. Such survey questions may be ____.
vulnerable to social desirability
In the classic Rosenthal and Fode (1963) study of experimenter expectancies and laboratory rat behavior, the independent variable was ____.
what the experimenter believed about the maze-learning ability of his or her lab rat
