Chapter 2

Which of the following are considered contemporary approaches to management? (Choose every correct answer.)

Quantitative management Systems theory Organizational behavior Sociotechnical systems theory

In 1943, Maslow suggested that humans have _____ levels of needs.

5

As early as ______, the Sumerians were engaged in various management practices, including records management of tax receipts, real estate holdings, and lists of farm animals.

5000 BC

The practice of management has been around since ______.

5000 BC

Which contributor to the human relations approach to management argued that people try to satisfy their lower-level needs and then progress upward to the higher level needs?

Abraham Maslow

Which management approach emphasized the perspective of senior managers within the organization and stressed that management was a profession that could be taught?

Administrative management

The human relations approach to management was influenced most significantly by which of the following other approaches?

Administrative management Scientific management

Which statement about classical and contemporary approaches to management is true?

Both classical and contemporary approaches seek to identify real issues facing managers and provide tools for solving future problems.

Which classical management approach emphasized a structured, formal network of relationships among specialized positions in the organization?

Bureaucracy

Which of the following are major approaches that developed during the classical period?

Bureaucracy Systematic management Scientific management Human relations

How did Henry Gantt expand the piecerate system?

By giving a bonus to frontline supervisors whose employees completed their daily tasks

Which approach of the evolution of management thought attempted to explain the real issues facing managers and provide managers with tools to solve future problems?

Classical and Contemporary Approaches

Which of the following are Fayol's five functions of management?

Commanding Planning Organizing Controlling Coordinating

Which of the following are part of Fayol's fourteen principles of management? (Check all that apply)

Discipline Division of work Equity Authority

Which aspect of modern business does Martin Davidson focus on in his work?

Diversity and inclusion

Systematic management emphasized which of the following?

Economical operations Adequate staffing Organizational control

In the book Blue Ocean Strategy, what do "blue oceans" represent?

Entirely new markets with room to grow

Which one of the following is NOT a factor of importance to Taylor's scientific management approach?

Esprit de corps

True or false: Maslow contends that individuals try to satisfy their higher-level needs then move toward the lower-level needs.

False

True or false: The scientific management approach emphasized the application of quantitative analysis to management decisions and problems.

False Reason: People tend to satisfy lower-level needs then progress to higher-level needs

True or false: The researchers of the Hawthorne Studies concluded that productivity is affected more by physical and objective influences than by psychological and social factors.

False Reason: The studies concluded that productivity was affected more by psychological and social factors than by physical or objective factors.

Maslow suggested that the most basic needs are physical needs for which of the following?

Food Shelter Water

Who developed a system to lower costs and increase worker productivity by showing how employees could work smarter, not harder?

Frank Gilbreth

Who introduced the scientific management approach?

Fredrick Taylor

The _______ chart is a tool that helps employees and managers plan projects by task and time to complete those tasks.

Gantt

What tool helps employees and managers plan projects by task and time to complete those tasks?

Gantt chart

The ______ Studies investigated the influence of physical working conditions on a worker's productivity and efficiency in one of Western Electric Company's suburban Chicago factories.

Hawthorne

The ______ Studies were a series of experiments that evaluated the effects of factory lighting on employee productivity.

Hawthorne

What is the name of the study that investigated the influence of physical working conditions on workers' productivity and efficiency in a suburban Chicago factory?

Hawthorne Study

Which early classical approach theorist expanded the piecerate system by suggesting that bonuses be offered to frontline supervisors whose employees completed their daily tasks?

Henry Gantt

Which of the following is not one of Taylor's four principles of scientific management?

Management should develop general guidelines for each element of one's work.

Which management approach was the first major approach to focus on informal work relationships and employee satisfaction?

Human Relations

Which approach emerged from a research project that began as a scientific management study?

Human relations

Which approach to management was aimed at understanding how psychological and social processes interact with the work situation to influence performance?

Human relations

Which management approach emphasized that managers should focus on employee welfare, motivation, and communication?

Human relations

Which shortcomings did Fredrick Taylor discover in organizations that used systematic management?

Inefficiency and waste were prevalent. Production and pay were poor. There was unused potential.

Human relations was the first major approach to emphasize which of the following?

Informal work relationships Worker satisfaction

Why did critics suggest that Taylor's scientific management approach was not useful for managers at the senior level?

It failed to account for external factors such as competition and government regulations

Under the sociotechnical systems theory, which of the following are part of the organization's technical system? (Choose every correct answer.)

Knowledge Tools Training

What effects did Frank Gilbreth's system working smarter, not harder, produce?

Lower costs Increased worker productivity

Which of the following are Taylor's principles of scientific management?

Management should scientifically select, train, teach, and develop each worker. Management should develop a precise approach for each element of one's work. Management should cooperate with workers to ensure that jobs match plans and principles.

Which of the following is one of Frederick Taylor's guidelines for scientific management?

Managers should ensure that the right person has the right job.

Human relations advocates believe that managers should emphasize which of the following?

Motivation Employee welfare Communication

Which contemporary approach to management draws on psychology and sociology to explain the behavior of people on the job?

Organizational behavior

Which perspective of management identifies management activities that promote employee effectiveness through an understanding of the complex nature of individual, group, and organizational processes?

Organizational behavior

Which of the following are characteristics of the systems theory approach to management?

Organizations transform inputs into outputs that meet market demands. Organizations are open systems that are dependent on the external environment. Organizations' interaction with the external environment creates a feedback loop that provides input for the next cycle.

Which workplace issues has Sheryl Sandberg written about? (Choose every correct answer.)

Pay inequality Sexism

Which management approach emphasized the application of mathematical tools, such as linear programming, statistical decision theory, and queuing theory, to management decisions and problems?

Quantitative management

What were some criticisms of scientific management?

Production tasks were reduced to machinelike procedures that led to boredom. The approach ignored some job-related social and psychological factors. Unions thought it was possible that managers would abuse their power.

Which of the following are factors of importance to the scientific management approach?

Providing breaks to eliminate fatigue Standardizing tools Using instruction cards Hiring and training proper workers

Which of the following are goals that are common to both classical and contemporary approaches to management?

Providing managers with tools to solve future problems Explaining the real issues facing managers

Which of the following is NOT considered a contemporary approach to management?

Qualitative management

Which classical approach promoted the application of scientific methods to analyze work and to determine how to efficiently complete production tasks?

Scientific management

Which classical management approach applied scientific methods to analyze and determine the best way to complete production tasks?

Scientific management

Which of the following does Maslow consider the most advanced need?

Self-actualization

Organizational behavior draws from a variety of disciplines including which of the following? (Choose every correct answer.)

Sociology Psychology

Which of the following is NOT one of Fayol's five functions of management?

Staffing

______ management attempted to build into operations the specific procedures that would ensure coordination of effort to achieve goals.

Systematic

Which classical approach to management stressed economical operations, adequate staffing, and organizational control?

Systematic management

Which classical approach to management was discovered to be inefficient and wasteful and accompanied by poor production and wages?

Systematic management

Which classical management approach focused on building specific procedures into operations that would ensure coordination of effort?

Systematic management

Which classical management approach focused on creating specific procedures into operations that would ensure coordination of effort to achieve goals?

Systematic management

Which of the following are major approaches that developed during the classical period?

Systematic management Scientific management Human relations Bureaucracy

What are the two important internal dimensions associated with the sociotechnical systems theory? (Choose every correct answer.)

Technical system Social system

Which of the following is NOT a common criticism of scientific management?

The approach led managers to deal with broader external issues such as government regulations and competition.

According to McGregor, which theory assumes employees are self-motivated and eager to work?

Theory Y

Which of McGregor's theories suggests that managers who encourage participation and look for employee initiative will achieve superior performance?

Theory Y pg.37

What techniques did Taylor use to implement the scientific management approach?

Time-and-motion studies

True or false: When workers perform and react differently because they are being observed, it is known as the Hawthorne Effect.

True

What did the scientific management approach advocate?

Use of scientific methods to determine how to efficiently complete tasks Application of scientific methods to analyze work

Division of work, unity of command, equity, and initiative are among the fourteen principles of management defined by the ______ approach.

administrative

Planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating, and controlling are the five functions of management as defined by the ______ approach.

administrative

The ______ management approach suggested that management was a profession.

administrative

Bureaucracy is a(n) ______ management approach emphasizing a structured, formal network of relationships among specialized positions within an organization.

classical

Scientific management is a(n) ______ approach that applied scientific methods to analyze and determine the best way to complete production tasks.

classical

The ______ period of management lasted from the mid-19th century through the early 1950s.

classical

the __________ period extended from mid-19th century to the early 1950w.

classical

Sociotechnical systems theory, quantitative management, organizational behavior, and systems theory are all examples of ______ approaches to management.

contemporary

After businesses identified the "one best way" to perform a job, Taylor emphasized that they should ______. Multiple choice question.

hire and train the proper worker for that job

Abraham Maslow was a major contributor to which management approach?

human relations

The approach to management that was developed in the 1930s and emphasized the interaction of social processes with the work situation was known as ______.

human relations

The first stage of the Hawthorne studies examined the effects of ______ on productivity.

illumination

The Hawthorne Studies concluded that employee productivity and behavior were more influenced by ______.

informal work groups

Lillian Gilbreth was known as the "mother of ______ management.

modern

According to Taylor's differential piecerate system, it was assumed that workers were motivated by ______.

money

All of the following are major approaches to the classical period except:

organizational behavior

The revised perspective that studies management activities that promote employee effectiveness through an understanding of the complex nature of individual processes is known as ______.

organizational behavior

The products and services organizations create are called ______.

outputs

According to Taylor's differential _____ system, workers were motivated by money.

piecerate

Fredrick Taylor introduced the classical management approach known as ______.

scientific management

Which classical management approach involved the use of time-and-motion studies?

scientific management

When a manager treats employees as lazy, unmotivated, and in need of tight supervision, then the employees eventually fulfill the manager's expectations. This is known as _______.

self-fulfilling prophecy

When workers perform and react differently because they are being observed, it is known as ______.

the Hawthorne Effect

The classical period of management ran from the mid-19th century to ______.

the mid-1900s

Prior to the industrial revolution of the 18th and 19th centuries, most managers operated on a(n) ______ basis. Multiple choice question.

trial-and-error

True or false: Prior to the industrial revolution, most managers operated by a trial-and-error basis.

true