Chapter 2 learn smart

joining monomers to form a polymer

Polymerization

Polysaccharides - long chains of monosaccharides (at least 50)

Polysaccharides

weight per volume

Weight of solute in a given volume of solution grams PER liter

name the trace elements

chromium, cobalt, copper, fluorine, iodine, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, silicon, tin, vanadium, zinc

which term can apply to a molecule composed of two or more different elements?

compound

glucose is a

compound and molecule

dehydrogen synthesis is known as

condensation reactions

examples of conformation

contraction, enzyme catalysis, membrane channel opening

chemical messenger in cells

cyclic adenosine monophosphate

chem reaction in which a larger molecule is broken down into smaller ones in which type of reaction

decomposition

large molecule breaks down into two or more smaller

decomposition

catabolic reactions are

decomposition reactions

As the pH number increases, concentration of hydrogen

decreases logaritmically

reactions where individual subunits are joined together to form larger macromolecules with the release of water molecules

dehydration synthesis

biological polymers are produced by the process of

dehydrogen synthesis

Extreme conformational change that destroys function

denaturation

unfolding of proteins 3-D shape

denaturation

monosaccharides are produced by

digestion of complex carb

carb composed of two covalently bonded sugars is a

disaccharide

how does GTP regenerate ATP?

donate a phosphate

unsaturated fatty acids have what kind of bonds

double

radioisotope that ionize

ejects electrons, destroys molecules, and creates free radicals

compound that dissociates in water, producing a solution that conducts electricity

electrolyte

mineral salts needed for nerve and muscle function

electrolytes

in an oxidation-reduction reaction, _______ are transferred between molecules

electrons

ions differ in the number of

electrons

common arrangements of atoms that give organic molecules their unique properties

functional groups

reduction

gain of electrons

reactive elements can achieve stability by

gaining or losing electrons

function of Proteoglycans

gel that holds cell and tissues together

intense radiation can cause

genetic mutations and cancer

monosaccharide is the monomer that forms glycogen and starch

glucose

examples of monosaccharides

glucose, fructose, galactose

glucose polymer synthesized by liver, muscle, uterine, and vaginal cells that serves as an energy-storage polysaccharide

glycogen

polysaccharide used for energy storage in animals

glycogen

phospholipid molecule with a carb covalently bonded to it

glycolipid

protein molecule with a smaller carb covalently bonded to it

glycoprotein

large molecules such as DNA and proteins are shaped with what bonds

hydrogen

type of bond that is a weak attraction between a slightly positive region in one molecule to a slightly negative region in a different molecule

hydrogen

electrons are often transferred as

hydrogen atoms

pH is a measurement of the concentration of what

hydrogen atoms

Water molecules are attracted to each other by

hydrogen bonds

a covalent bond is broken by adding OG to one side of the molecule and an H to the other side

hydrolysis

any molecule that is non-polar and does not dissolve in water

hydrophobic

insoluble in water

hydrophobic

alcohols typically have what functional group

hydroxyl

Molecular formula

identifies constituent elements and how many atoms of each are present

whats true about metabolism

includes reactions where new molecules are synthesized, all chem reactions in body, includes reactions where molecules are broken down

increasing the temp of a solution will _____ rate of reaction

increase

how do catalysts affect reaction rates?

increase reaction rates

what increases rate of reaction?

increasing temp or increasing concentration of reactants

minerals are _____ trace elements

inorganic

atom or molecule that has gained or lost electrons

ion

chem bond involves exchange/transferred of electrons

ionic

strong bond between one positive atom and one negative atom

ionic

electrons are donated from one atom to another in

ionic bonds

covalent bond

is the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms

e molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural formula and different properties

isomer

compounds with same chemical formula are

isomers

any enzyme that adds an inorganic phosphate group to another organic molecule is known as

kinase

energy that is actively doing work

kinetic

examples of disaccharides

lactose, maltose, and sucrose

measure of chem concentration expressed as moles of solute per liter of solution is known as

molarity

whats used to express concentration?

molarity, percentages, weight per volume

number of molecules of a chemical that is equal to its molecular weight in grams

mole

A _____ is composed of two or ore atoms

molecule

what would give you the molarity of a solution?

moles/liter

A starch molecule may contain thousands of smaller glucose subunits. Glucose is the ____ of starch

monomer

one of the identical or similar subunits of a larger molecule

monomer

disaccharides can be broken down into

monosaccharides

only what carbs are absorbable?

monosaccharides

inert elements have

more valence electrons

examples of ligand

neurotransmitter that binds to a membrane receptor, substrate that binds to an enzyme

uncharged particle found in the nucleus of an atom

neutron

isotopes differ from one another by containing different numbers of

neutrons

are nonprotein enzyme helpers

Cofactors

are catalyst consumed by the reaction

no

do enzymes act as reactants?

no

does metabolism require an input of energy

no

is polar or nonpolar stronger?

nonpolar

acidic polymer of nucleotides found or produced in the nucleus that functions in heredity and protein synthesis

nucleic acid

molecule with a phosphate functional group

nucleic acids

nucleotides are the subunits of the macromolecule type called

nucleic acids

GTP is a

nucleotide

what is equal in a molar

number of molecules

free radicals have an _______ black amount of electrons

odd

short chains of 3 or more monosaccharides

oligosaccharides

chemistry of carbon and life

organic chem

electron acceptor molecule

oxidizing agent

by product of dehydration synthesis

water

ionization is easily broken by

water

Van der Waals forces

weak, brief attractions between neutral atoms

what is equal in percentage

weight of solute

polar bonds spend more time near

oxygen

six most abundant elements in the body

oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon, calcium, phosphorus

proteins amino acid sequence

primary structure

alpha helix is an example of secondary structure found in the type or organic molecule called

protein

example of colloids

protein and water, albumin and blood plasma

atomic mass is equal to

protons + neutrons

level of protein structure that is determined by the interactions between two or more polypeptide chains within a protein

quatemary

process of energy being released from the decay of unstable radioisotopes

radiation

Unstable isotopes that decay and give off radiation - at a constant rate

radioisotopes

reversible reaction

reaction that can proceed in either direction

molecule that donates elections

reducing agent

Oxidation of one molecule is always accompanied by

reduction of another

ionic compounds form a lot of

salts

fatty acids with as many hydrogens possible in which the carbon-carbon bonds are all single bonds is an

saturated

structure of a protein that consists of alpha helices and beta pleated sheets

secondary

single covalent bond

sharing of two electrons between two atoms

two amino acids are brought together to form a dipeptide is what kind of reaction

synthesis

two or more small molecules to form a large one

synthesis reaction

structure of a protein is due to the interaction of R groups of amino acids

tertiary

a globular three D protein consisting of a single chain is in its

tertiary structure

example of suspension

blood cells in blood plasma

minerals are important for

body structure and enzyme function

potential energy is stored in

bonds of chemical

Electrolyte importance

Chemical reactivity, electrical excitability of nerve and muscle

oligosaccharides are important in

breast milk

solution that resist changes in pH

buffer

stabilizing interactions often form

chemical bonds

examples of radioisotopes

UV radiation, X-rays, alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays

molecule with amino functional group

amino acids

peptide bonds join what together

amino acids

common functional groups

amino, carboxyl, hydroxyl

functional groups that are the basic structure of amino acids

amino, radical, carboxyl

monomeric subunits that make up a protein

amnio acids

steroid that is a precursor for all other steroids in the body

cholesterol

steroid examples

cholesterol, estrogen, and testosterone

molecular weight is useful for

for calculating concentrations

short-lived particles with an unusual number of electrons

free radicals

substances that are physically blended but not chemically bound

mixture

polymers formed of man simple sugars are classified as

polysaccharides or complex carb

A change of one number on the pH scale represents how many fold change a in H+ concentration

10

electron shell structure

1st ring holds two electrons the seconds holds up to 8 outermost are valence

carbon special

4 valence electrons and can form a wide variety of bonds

neutral pH

7.0

problem with percentages

: physiological effect depends on how many molecules / ions are present in a given volume and Weight of solute equal # of molecules unequal

energy molecule that is produced by cellular respiration and used in metabolic reactions

ATP

molecule that combines with inorganic phosphate to form ATP

Adenosine diphosphate

unique, three-dimensional shape of protein crucial to function

Conformation

carb covalently bound to lipid or protein moiety

Conjugated carbohydrate

molecule that is produced from ATP and serves as a second messenger

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate

20-carbon compounds derived from arachidonic acid

Eicosanoids

sucrose

Glucose + fructose

lactose

Glucose + galactose

maltose

Glucose + glucose

Percentages

Might be weight of solute (solid) per volume

example of ionization

NaCl

more carb than protein

Proteoglycans

name the lesser elements

Sulfur, potassium, sodium, chlorine, magnesium, iron

a base is a compound that acts as a protein

acceptor

A protein donor, or chemical that releases protons into a solution is a

acid

7.1-15 is

acidic

energy required to initiate or begin a chemical reaction is called

activation energy

the substrate-binding site of an enzyme is known as the

active site

cellular respiration is more efficient under what conditions

aerobic

basic is another term for

alkaline

pH and temp affect the activity of the enzyme by

altering the shape of the substrate binding site and causing a conformational change in the enzyme

metabolic reaction that use energy and build more complex molecules from less complex molecules are considered what type of reaction

anabolic

reaction that is endergonic

anabolic

negative charged ion

anion

how are free radicals neutralized

antioxidants

smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element

atom

molecular weight is measured in

atomic mass units

0-7 pH is

basic

secondary structure of proteins that has a pleated ribbon-like shape

beta sheet

catalyst do what to reactants

bind to them and bring them into proximity and position in such way to favor their reaction

study of molecules and chemical reactions that occur in living cells

biochemistry

Time required for 50% to disappear from the body

biological half life

anabolism applies to metabolic reactions that

build large molecules from small molecules

example of a mineral

calcium

element that is foundation of biological molecules

carbon

monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides are examples of

carbs

what reactions are usually exergonic

catabolic

the term ____ refers to any metabolic reaction that breaks relatively complex molecules into less complex molecules and releases energy

catabolism

substances that lower the activation energy of a reaction and speed up the rate

catalysts

protein functions

catalyze chem reactions, make up molecules that can transport oxygen, act as receptors on cells surface

lost an election with a net positive charge

cation

lost an electron with a positive charge

cation

glycolipids and glycoproteins are both found on

cell membrane

polysaccharide found in the cell wall of plants

cellulose

structural molecule in plants that is important for human dietary fiber (but indigestible to us)

cellulose

pH and temp DONT

change the enzyme or substrate

ions are

charged atoms

attractive force caused by sharing or transfer of electrons

chem bond

important properties of water

chem reactivity, cohesion, solvency

reaction in a process in which a covalent or ionic bond is broken or formed

chemical

nonpolar bond

electrons shared equally

polar bond

electrons shared unequally

polar covalent bond

electrons shared unequally between two atoms

simplest form of matter to have unique chemical properties

element

suspension of one liquid in another

emulsion

adipose tissue is responsible for what

energy storage, insulation and cushioning

protein that functions as a biological catalyst

enzyme

enzyme associated with its substrate is referred to

enzyme-substrate complex

at ______, the ratio of products and reactants are stable

equilibrium

fatty acids that must be eaten because the body is unable to synthesis them

essiential fatty acids

type of reaction when two molecules trade atoms or group of atoms

exchange

two molecules exchange atoms or group of atoms

exchange reactions

Glycoproteins are found where

external surface of cell membrane, mucus of respiratory and digestive tracts, reproductive

example of emulsion

fat in breast milk

forms of lipids

fatty acids, phospholipids, triglycerides, steroids, eicosanoids

describe a catabolic reaction

large protein molecules are broken down into smaller amino acids during digestion

decomposition reactions

larger molecules being broke down releasing energy

law that states reactions proceed from the side of the reaction with the greater quantity to the side with the lesser quantity

law of mass action

more reactive elements have _

less valence electrons

chemical that binds reversibly to a receptor site on a protein

ligand

hydrophobic organic compound mainly of carbon and high ratio of hydrogen to oxygen

lipid

structural formula

location of each atom

oxidation

loss of electrons

How do enzymes speed up reactions?

lowering the activation energy of a specific reaction

a large molecule that consists of many identical or similar subunits such as protein, DNA, or startch

macromolecular

multiple part molecules of carbs, proteins and nucleic acids are examples of

macromolecules or polymers

functional groups determine

many properties of organic molecules

codeveloped radioactivity

marie curie

describes a series of reactions where each step is catalyzed by a specific enzyme

metabolic pathway

sum of all the chemical reactions in the body

metabolism

ionic compunds are

metal and non metal

fats have an abundance of what functional group

methyl

fatty acids contain what groups

methyl and carboxyl

factors that affect enzyme conformation

pH, temp

colloids are chemical mixtures that contain

particles smaller than 100 nm with suspended particles that scatter light

nucleotides contain

phosphate, sugar, and nitrogenous base

amphiphilic molecule composed of two fatty acids and one phosphate group bonded to a glycerol molecule. these molecules are the major component of the plasma and other cellular membranes

phospholipid

addition of an inorganic phosphate group to an organic molecule is known as the process of

phosphorylation

what describes the actions of kinases

phosphorylation

Time required for 50% to decay to a stable state

physical half life

time required for one-half of a quantity of a radioactive element to decay to a stable isotope is

physical half-life

molarity is critical for understanding

physiological effects such as diffusion

where is a glycolipid found

plasma membrane of cells

what bonds give water its unique set of properties

polar covalent and V shaped

Covalent bonds can be either be

polar or nonpolar

Dehydration synthesis (condensation) is how living cells form

polymers

generic term for any chain of 15 or more amino acids joined together by peptide bonds

polypeptide

carbon can have multiple

single covalent bonds

Functional group

small cluster of atoms attached to carbon backbone

solute

smaller substance being dissolved in the solvent

hydrophilic

soluble in water

what describes substance that consists of a solute dissolved in a more abundant substance?

solution

Metabolic reactions depend on

solvency of water

Saltwater is a solution of NaCl dissolved in water. Nacl is the solute and water is the

solvent

only plant polysaccharide that humans can digest

starch

examples of Polysaccharides

starch, glycogen, cellulose

general term for a lipid molecule that consists of four interconnected carbon rings

steroid

covalent bonds are strong or weak?

strong

substance an enzyme acts upon

substrate

components of a triglyceride

three fatty acids and glycerol

A mole of any element or compound is equal

to its molecular weight

molecular weight is equal

to the sum of atomic weights

12 elements that account for .7% of the body weight with each accounting for no more then .02

trace elements

Enzymes are not consumed in the reactions

true

Enzymes show enzyme-substrate specifically

true

disaccharides are composed of how many covalently bonded simple sugars

two

how many covalent bonds are in the carbon chain of a polyunsaturated fatty acid?

two or more

_______ electrons determine the reactive properties of an atom

valence

energy is the capacity to do

work

are enzymes affected by pH?

yes