Chapter 2 Nutrition & Wellness

pregnant women

A form of folate called folic acid is especially important in diets of ___ ___ to help prevent damage to the brains and spinal cords of unborn babies.

fortified foods

A source of added nutrients in the diet aside from supplements is ___ ___.

fasting

A vitamin B6 deficiency can occur in cases of prolonged ___, resulting in skin lesions, mouth soreness, and a smooth, red tongue.

magnesium

Although healthy, well-nourished people receive enough ___, deficiencies can occur in alcoholics and people suffering from malfunctioning kidneys, severe diarrhea, or malnutrition.

proteins

Biotin is needed for the breakdown of fats, carbohydrates, and ___ in the body.

starch

Breads, cereals, pasta products, and rice are sources of ___, which is the most abundant carbohydrate in the diet.

No

Do adults need more protein than children?

dietary supplements

Doctors suggest some people take ___ ___ to help make up for nutrient shortages in their diets.

toxicity

Getting an excess of some nutrients can result in ___, or poisoning.

osteoporosis

If the body draws needed calcium from the bones, bones can become porous and brittle, a condition known as ___.

hemoglobin

In the blood, iron combines with a protein to form ___, which carries oxygen from the lungs to cells throughout the body.

decay

In the teeth, fluoride is needed for maximum resistance to ___.

thyroid

Iodine is an essential part of the hormone thyroxine, which is produced by the ___ gland.

water

Lubricating the joints and body cells and regulating body temperature are functions of ___, a major nutrient.

villi

Millions of hairlike fingers called ___ increase the absorptive surface of the small intestine, where most nutrient absorption takes place.

trace minerals

Minerals needed in amounts less than 100 milligrams per day are called microminerals or ___ ___.

provitamin A carotenoids

Orange and dark green fruits and vegetables contain ___ ___, which the body can convert into vitamin A.

niacin

Pellagra, a disease affecting the skin, gastrointestinal tract, and nervous system, is caused by a deficiency of ___.

osmosis

Sodium, chloride, and potassium work together to control ___, the process whereby fluids flow in and out of cells through the cell walls.

digestion

The bodily process of breaking down food into simpler compounds the body can use is ___.

bones

The major function of vitamin D is to promote the growth and proper mineralization of ___ and teeth.

carbohydrates

The only nutrient the brain can use as a source of energy is ___.

nutrition

The study of how the body uses the nutrients in the foods that are eaten is called ___.

a. Vitamin C b. Result of a lack of thiamin

These "conditions" are caused by which type of deficiencies? a. Scurvy b. Beriberi

minerals needed in amounts less than 100 milligrams per day. Iron, zinc, iodine, and fluorine. Not calcium.

What are trace elements? Know several examples.

A loss of weight and energy; deficiencies of the fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins carried by fats. Proteins.

What happens if a person's diet does not supply enough fats or carbs for energy? What does the body use?

Work together to control osmosis.

What is the MAIN function performed by sodium, chloride, and potassium?

Starch

What is the most abundant carbohydrate in the diet?

Metabolism-chemical process in the cells.

What occurs after the body absorbs nutrients?

a diet that contains enough calcium

What prevents osteoporosis in old age?

hydrogenation; trans fatty acids

When liquid oils are turned into solid fats through a process called ___, oddly shaped ___ ___ ___ may be created.

Mouth

Where does food digestion begin?

In your blood

Where is iron most prevalent in the human body?

Calcium

Which mineral is found in the greatest amount in the human body?

they're not regulated by the FDA.

Why should people avoid taking large doses of vitamin supplements?

enzymes

Zinc helps a number of ___ perform their functions.

Pantothenic acid

___ ___, another B-complex vitamin, is part of coenzyme A, which the body needs to use the energy nutrients.

Vitamins

___ are complex organic substances needed in small amounts for normal growth, maintenance, and reproduction.

Minerals

___ are inorganic substances that make up four percent of body weight.

Fats

___ belong to a larger group of compounds called lipids, which include both fats and oils.

Citrus

___ fruits, strawberries, and cantaloupe are good fruit sources of vitamin C.

fiber

a form of complex carbohydrates from plants that humans cannot digest.

What are excellent sources of carbohydrates? Meat?

sugars, syrups, soft drinks, jams, jellies, candies, rice, potatoes, breads, etc. meat is not a good source of carbohydrates.

cholesterol

A catlike substance that is found in every cell in the body and occurs in foods of an animal origin is ___. Only in animals, not plants.

nutrient

A chemical substance from food that the body needs to live is a(n) ___.

metabolism

After the body absorbs nutrients, the nutrients undergo chemical processes in the cells that are collectively called ___.

fatty acids

All lipids contain chemical chains called ___ ___, which contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.

vegetarians

Because vitamin B12 is found mainly in animal protein foods, strict ___ need to eat fortified foods or take a supplement to avoid a deficiency.

Sodium, Chloride, and Potassium

Determine which groups of nutrients work together as a team?

deficiency disease

Failure to get enough of needed nutrients may result on a(n) ___ ___.

monounsaturated

Fatty acids that are missing one hydrogen atom are called ___ fatty acids.

polyunsaturated

Fatty acids that are missing two or more hydrogen atoms are called ___ fatty acids.

saturated

Fatty acids the have as many hydrogen atoms as they can hold are called ___ fatty acids.

peristalsis

Food is pushed through the digestive tract by waves of muscle contractions called ___.

as monosaccharides, or simple sugar units

How are carbohydrates absorbed by the body?

you can supplement a protein food lacking an amino acid with a proteins food containing that amino acid.

How can sources of incomplete proteins complement one another?

Saturated fatty acids are fatty acids that have as many hydrogen atoms as they can hold. Unsaturated fatty acids may by monounsaturated (missing one hydrogen atom) or polyunsaturated (missing two or more hydrogen atoms).

How do saturated and unsaturated fats differ chemically and in appearance?

dried beans, peas, nuts, and some sources of fiber.

List incomplete protein sources.

lean meats, poultry, fish, milk, cheese, eggs

List six important protein sources.

amino acids

Proteins are made up of small units called ___ ___.

thiamin

Vitamin B1, or ___, is needed to prevent a disease of the nervous system called beriberi.

water-soluble

Vitamin C and the B-complex vitamins are ___-___ vitamins, which are not stored by the body to any great extent.

antioxident

Vitamin E functions as a dietary ___, reducing the amount of oxygen available to react with substances that could be harmed by oxygen.

clot

Vitamin K helps the liver make a substance called prothrombin, which is a protein blood needs to ___.

fat-soluble

Vitamins A, D, E, and K are ___-___ vitamins, which can be stored in the body.

the body does not receive all the nutrients it needs.

What affects does malnutrition have on the body?

dried beans, peas, and nuts

What type of foods provide the body with incomplete proteins?

Fiber

___ is a form of complex carbohydrate from plants that provides bulk in the diet.

Malnutrition

___ is a lack of the right proportions of nutrients over an extended period.

Phosphorus

___ works with calcium to give strength to bones and teeth.

Riboflavin

___, or vitamin B2, forms part of coenzymes needed for the breakdown of carbohydrates in the body.

night blindness

a condition resulting from a vitamin A deficiency, which a characterized by a reduced ability to see in dim light.

rickets

a disease resulting from a vitamin D deficiency, which is characterized by crooked legs and misshapen breast bones in children, and bone abnormalities in adults.

cholesterol

a fatlike substance that occurs naturally in the body and is found in every cell. It occurs only in foods of animal origin.

fortified food

a food to which nutrients are added in amounts greater than what would naturally occur in the food.

hydrogenation

a process by which hydrogen atoms are chemically added to unsaturated fatty acids in liquid oils to turn the oils into more highly saturated solid fats.

dietary supplement

a purified nutrient or nonnutrient substance that is manufactured or extracted from natural sources.

mineral

one of the six basic types of nutrients that is an inorganic substance and becomes part of the bones, soft tissues, and body fluids.

complete protein

one of the six basic types of nutrients, made up of amino acids, that is required for growth, repair, and maintenance of every body cell.

nutrition

the study of how the body uses the nutrients in foods that are eaten.

persistalsis

waves of muscle contractions that push food through the digestive tract.