Chapter 2 Principles of Sustainability

North America comprises 4.85 percent of the world's population, yet North Americans consume ______ percent of the world's oil. Multiple choice question.

22

At the present time, humanity is using about ______ percent of the planet's accessible supply of renewable freshwater. Multiple choice question.

50

ndustrialized countries contain only 20 percent of the world's population, yet they control ______ percent of the world's goods and create most of its pollution.

80

a position that forests should be managed for the lumber that can be obtained from them is an example of

anthropocentrism

Sustainable development is most similar to which of the three general attitudes or approaches to the environment?

conservation approach

When making ethical decisions about environmental issues it is important to

consider the opinions of all stakeholders. recognize that organisms and ecosystems may have rights. consider how local decisions may affect distant environments. All of the options involve ethical decisions.(correct)

he view that a healthy relationship with the environment relies upon a spiritual oneness with the earth.

deep ecology

In 2005, Hurricane Katrina disproportionately affected people living below the poverty line because unlike people with more resources, they ______.

did not have as many resources to obey the evacuation order

What is the name of the theory which suggests that the environment has direct rights and qualifies for moral personhood?

ecocentrism

Biocentrism and ecocentrism differ in that

ecocentrism includes both the living things and their interactions in decision making.

The concept of an ecological footprint has been developed to help individuals measure their ______.

environmental impact

Green development is generally differentiated from sustainable development in that

green development prioritizes what its proponents consider to be sustainability over economic and cultural considerations

Given the trends of the past 60 years, as the current century progresses, more and more of us will live ______ lives.

urbanized

To get around the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 many oil carriers

use lightly regulated oil barges pulled by tugboats.

The world of the future may not need oil, but without ______, humanity could not last more than a few days. Multiple choice question.

water

The conservationist approach tends to be _____ and _____ in its attitude toward the environment

- Anthropocentric - Biocentric

According to the strict definition of anthropocentrism, which of the following have direct moral standing?

- Corporations operating as "artificial persons" - Presently living generations of human beings

Why environmental issues are now considered to be concerns for everybody

- Environmental issues reflect on our moral responsibility toward future generations - We must all ensure that equitable development does not destroy the environment - Religious and cultural perspectives can help create viable solutions to environmental challenges

- Islman, chirstianity, and judaism - Buddhism - Confucianism and Taoism - Hinduism and Jainism

- Gods creation of material reality - The interdependence of life - Confucianism and Taoism - The karmic processes underlying the recycling of matter

Statements that are constant with the conservationist approach

- Human well-being is best served if there is a balance between unrestrained exploitation and protection of nature. - Humans should protect large amounts of habitat for waterfowl, deer, and elk.

Three conflicts in attitude toward nature and environment

- Preservation - Conservation - Development

According to the strict definition of anthropocentrism, which of the following have direct moral standing?

- Rebuilding efforts in poorer areas lagged far behind areas with more financial wealth. - Chemical pollutants were more heavily concentrated in low-income areas.

Sustainable development approach

- The focus is to promote appropriate development in ordfer to alleviate poverty while still preserving the ecological health of the landscape. - The focus is on meeting the needs of current generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs.

Development approach to the environment

- The human race is the master of nature - Earth and its resources exist solely for human benefit and pleasure - Improvements in the human condition require converting ever more of nature over to human use - the environment has value only insofar as human beings economically utilize it.

Which of the following explains how corporate behavior connects to the state of the environment?

-A corporation's primary purpose is to generate a profit. -Corporate executives make important decisions affecting our environment.

Which of the following statements are consistent with the theory of moral responsibility regarding the environment called anthropocentrism

-Humans have an indirect duty toward the environment derived from human interests. -The environment is crucial to human well-being and human survival -Only human beings are morally significant and have direct moral standing. -The value of the environment lies solely in its instrumental worth for humans

Following statements which are consistent with the preservationist approach

1. Nature has intrinsic value or inherent worth apart from human uses. 2. Humans should think of nature as a refuge from economic activity, not as a resource for it. 3. Nature is beautiful and restorative, and should be preserved for future generations to enjoy. 4. Large portions of nature should be preserved intact.

Rachel Carson/Silent Spring (1962)

1962; from environmentalism movement; book about the impact of DDT on the food chain

Deep Ecology

A key tenet includes a biocentric egalitarian world view.

Which of the following statements about the importance of individual ethical commitments toward the environment is true?

Environmental ethics must take hold with personal choices about consumption.

Why are individual ethical commitments toward the environment important?

Each of us bears some personal responsibility for the quality of our environment.

The preservationist approach tends to be the most _________ of the three general attitudes or approaches to the environment

Eccentric

Which of the following are the three components of the triple bottom line?

Environmental Social Financial

New technologies by oil companies will allow fossil fuels to be the world's primary power source forever.

False

The environmental justice movement has expanded its original scope from community-oriented, anti-toxics activism to which of the following? Multiple choice question.

Global-scale inequalities in economic development

With regard to environmental ethics, which of the following correctly compares the difference between internal and external costs of pollution? Multiple choice question.

Internal costs are paid by the company producing the pollution and external costs are paid by the environment and the general public

The Earth provides enough to satisfy every person's need, but not every person's greed"?

Mahatma Gandhi

Which of the following is a component of corporate greenwashing

It is an attempt to create an environmentally responsible image. It tries to take advantage of public concern about environmental issues. It is a form of corporate misrepresentation. It is a form of rhetoric and social marketing. Companies privately engage in environmentally damaging practices.

The triple bottom line has been referred to as which of the following?

It is the ethical criteria for business success.

Match each example of creating an environmentally responsible corporate image with the company that attempted it.

McDonald's Changing the color of its logo from yellow and red to yellow and green, yet the company shares responsibility for the deforestation of the rainforest BP Using a green and yellow sunburst design for its logo as they caused the worst environmental disaster in U.S. history. Apple Choice Using product packaging that evokes an environmentally friendly image, yet its factory workers clean its display glass with toxic chemicals.

Early critic of rampant economic development and the "invasion of nature by trade."

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Who can require that a corporation's directors run the corporation with ethical obligations to the environment?

Shareholders

Social ecology

Social hierarchies are directly connected to behaviors that lead to environmental destruction

Which of the following best explains why world hunger is a problem?

Social, economic, and political conditions prevent the malnourished people who need the food from getting it.

Which of the following societal environmental-ethical attitudes belonging to Western developed societies have started to fade due to the rise of the modern environmental movement?

The economy should be based on a rationale that the Earth has an unlimited ability to assimilate wastes. The economy should be based on a rationale that the Earth has unlimited reserves of natural resources. The economy should be based on a rationale that the Earth has a limitless ability to accommodate unchecked growth.

Which of the following are factors associated with environmental justice?

The original scope was community-oriented, anti-toxics activism. It challenges the unfair distribution of environmental risks and the benefits of natural resources. It draws heavily from civil rights, public health, and community organizing. It promotes efforts to prevent pollution from impacting low-income communities.

Which of the following are examples of externalized costs? (Select all that apply.)

The process of hydraulic fracturing for shale gas is exempted from the Clean Water Act, Clean Air Act, and Safe Drinking Water Act. A nuclear power plant uses water from a nearby river for free in order to cool down the facility and releases the warm water back into the river. A coal-powered electrical generating plant discharges hazardous levels of mercury into the air.

Much of the current environmental crisis is rooted in and exacerbated by which of the following?

The status quo is expanding the widening gap between rich and poor nations.

What nutritional landmark did the world reach in 2000? Multiple choice question.

The world contained the same number of overweight people as those that were malnourished.

Ecofeminism

There are important relationships between how society treats women and how society treats the environment

Environmental aesthetics

This approach is a study of how to appreciate beauty in the natural world

Environmental pragmatism

This human-centered ethical approach has an ecocentric, long-ranged perspective

Stresses recycling of waste resources rather than discarding them.

industrial ecology

industrial ecology

links industrial production and environmental quality.

Predominant feeling of a culture concerning ethical issues

morals

One's ecological footprint is defined as "the area of Earth's ______ required to supply the resources that an individual demands, as well as to absorb the wastes that the individual produces."

productive land and water

we live on what has been called the water planet yet over 99 percent of the earths water is

saline or frozen

Many corporation are now being driven to include environmental ethics in their business practices by

shareholders.

In many regions of the world, ______ is replacing fossil fuels as a source of domestic and industrial power

solar power wind power nuclear power biomass wave power

Natural capitalism is

the idea that businesses can both expand their profits and take good care of the environment

Environmental justice is

the social justice expression of environmental ethics.

Every day in the United States, between 1 to 2 ______ hectares of farmland and natural areas are permanently lost to development. Multiple choice question.

thousand

True or false: North Americans, on average, waste more food than most people in sub-Saharan Africa eat.

true