Chapter 2 Study Guide A&P

Which of the following statements about nutrients is true?

All classes of nutrients are essential to human survival.

cellular structure that organizes microtubules during cell division

Centrosome

region of a centromere where microtubules attach to a pair of sister chromatids

Kinetochore

Sum of all chemical reactions in an organism?

Metabolism

linear alignment of sister chromatids in the center of the cell, which takes place during metaphase

Metaphase plate

network of microtubules, originating from centrioles, that arranges and pulls apart chromosomes during mitosis

Mitotic spindle

Which of the following imaging techniques would be best to use to study the uptake of nutrients by rapidly multiplying cancer cells?

PET

solid at room temperature Animal fats Grease, bacon, lard, butter Hydrogens all around Single bonds between the carbons

Saturated

liquid at room temperature Plant fats Olive oil and peanut Less hydrogens At least one double bond between the carbons

Unsaturated

18. Which of the following combinations of atoms is most likely to result in a chemical reaction? a. hydrogen and hydrogen b. hydrogen and helium c. helium and helium d. neon and helium

a. hydrogen and hydrogen

14. The energy stored in a foot of snow on a steep roof is ________. a. potential energy b. kinetic energy c. radiant energy d. activation energy

a. potential energy

6. The characteristic that gives an element its distinctive properties is its number of ________. a. protons b. neutrons c. electrons d. atoms

a. protons

21. Which of the following is most likely to be found evenly distributed in water in a homogeneous solution? a. sodium ions and chloride ions b. NaCl molecules c. salt crystals d. red blood cells

a. sodium ions and chloride ions

24. Ty is three years old and as a result of a "stomach bug" has been vomiting for about 24 hours. His blood pH is 7.48. What does this mean? a. Ty's blood is slightly acidic. b. Ty's blood is slightly alkaline. c. Ty's blood is highly acidic. d. Ty's blood is within the normal range

b. Ty's blood is slightly alkaline.

28. A pentose sugar is a part of the monomer used to build which type of macromolecule? a. polysaccharides b. nucleic acids c. phosphorylated glucose d. glycogen

b. nucleic acids

20. CH4 is methane. This compound is ________. a. inorganic b. organic c. reactive d. a crystal

b. organic

15. The bonding of calcium, phosphorus, and other elements produces mineral crystals that are found in bone. This is an example of a(n) ________ reaction. a. catabolic b. synthesis c. decomposition d. exchange

b. synthesis

8. Nitrogen has an atomic number of seven. How many electron shells does it likely have? a. one b. two c. three d. four

b. two

C.J. is stuck in her car during a bitterly cold blizzard. Her body responds to the cold by .

breaking down stored energy

25. C6H12O6 is the chemical formula for a ________. a. polymer of carbohydrate b. pentose monosaccharide c. hexose monosaccharide d. all of the above

c. hexose monosaccharide

23. A substance dissociates into K+ and Cl- in solution. The substance is a(n) ________. a. acid b. base c. salt d. buffer

c. salt

The smallest independently functioning unit of an organism is a(n) ________.

cell

30. In DNA, nucleotide bonding forms a compound with a characteristic shape known as a(n) ________. a. beta chain b. pleated sheet c. alpha helix d. double helix

d. double helix

22. Jenny mixes up a batch of pancake batter, then stirs in some chocolate chips. As she is waiting for the first few pancakes to cook, she notices the chocolate chips sinking to the bottom of the clear glass mixing bowl. The chocolate chip batter is an example of a ________. a. solvent b. solute c. solution d. suspension

d. suspension

a reaction in which a single compound breaks down to form two or more simpler substances: BOOKWORK=BOOK +WORM

decomposition reaction

Cancer cells can be characterized as "generic" cells that perform no specialized body function. Thus cancer cells lack ______.

differentiation

What kind of catabolism occurs in the heart?

fatty acid catabolism

What are two major disadvantages of MRI scans?

high cost and the need for shielding from the magnetic signals

What type of radiation does a CT scanner use?

ionizing radiation

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is an important molecule because it ______.

stores energy for use by body cells

double-displacement reaction

the ions of two compounds exchange places in an aqueous solution to form two new compounds AB+CD = CB+AD

Which of the following imaging studies can be used most safely during pregnancy?

ultrasounds

In 1901, Wilhelm Röntgen was the first person to win the Nobel Prize for physics. For what discovery did he win?

x-rays

chemical reaction in which one element replaces another element in a compounde: A+BC=B+AC

single-displacement reaction

The body system responsible for structural support and movement is the _______.

skeletal system

9. Which of the following is a molecule, but not a compound? a. H2O b. 2H c. H2 d. H +

c. H2

Know how to find electrons, protons, and electrons for a neutral atom as well as an ion

neutral atom protons = atomic number electrons =atomic number neutrons= atomic mass- atomic number ions ex. Al3+ = MEANS less electrons than protons Al3- = MEANS more electrons than protons

A collection of similar tissues that performs a specific function is an _______.

organ

Humans have the most urgent need for a continuous supply of _____.

oxygen

What is the function of magnets in an MRI?

radio waves

Which specialties might focus on studying all of the structures of the ankle and foot?

regional anatomy

16. AB → A + B is a general notation for a(n) ________ reaction. a. anabolic b. endergonic c. decomposition d. exchange

c. decomposition

11. When an atom donates an electron to another atom, it becomes a. an ion b. an anion c. nonpolar d. all of the above

a. an ion

Which organ has primary control over the amount of water in the body?

kidneys

To make a banana split, you halve a banana into two long, thin, right and left sides along the _______.

midsagittal plane

Which of the following is an example of a normal physiologic process that uses a positive feedback loop?

childbirth

13. Which of the following statements about chemical bonds is true? a. Covalent bonds are stronger than ionic bonds. b. Hydrogen bonds occur between two atoms of hydrogen. c. Bonding readily occurs between nonpolar and polar molecules. d. A molecule of water is unlikely to bond with an ion.

a. Covalent bonds are stronger than ionic bonds.

26. What organic compound do brain cells primarily rely on for fuel? a. glucose b. glycogen c. galactose d. glycerol

a. glucose

29. A phospholipid ________. a. has both polar and nonpolar regions b. is made up of a triglyceride bonded to a phosphate group c. is a building block of ATP d. can donate both cations and anions in solution

a. has both polar and nonpolar regions

5. The smallest unit of an element that still retains the distinctive behavior of that element is an ________. a. electron b. atom c. elemental particle d. isotope

b. atom

12. A substance formed of crystals of equal numbers of cations and anions held together by ionic bonds is called a(n) ________. a. noble gas b. salt c. electrolyte d. dipole

b. salt

32. The ability of an enzyme's active sites to bind only substrates of compatible shape and charge is known as ________. a. selectivity b. specificity c. subjectivity d. specialty

b. specificity

27. Which of the following is a functional group that is part of a building block of proteins? a. phosphate b. adenine c. amino d. ribose

c. amino

7. On the periodic table of the elements, mercury (Hg) has an atomic number of 80 and a mass number of 200.59. It has seven stable isotopes. The most abundant of these probably have ________. a. about 80 neutrons each b. fewer than 80 neutrons each c. more than 80 neutrons each d. more electrons than neutrons

c. more than 80 neutrons each

10. A molecule of ammonia contains one atom of nitrogen and three atoms of hydrogen. These are linked with ________. a. ionic bonds b. nonpolar covalent bonds c. polar covalent bonds d. hydrogen bonds

c. polar covalent bonds

contractile ring that forms around a cell during cytokinesis that pinches the cell into two halves

contractile ring that forms around a cell during cytokinesis that pinches the cell into two halves

After you eat lunch, nerve cells in your stomach respond to the distension (the stimulus) resulting from the food. They relay this information to ______.

control center

How is PET used in chemotherapy?

monitor response to chemo and show cancer cells

synthesis reaction

a reaction in which a chemical reaction that results in the joining of components that were formerly separate: A + B → AB

17. ________ reactions release energy. a. Catabolic b. Exergonic c. Decomposition d. Catabolic, exergonic, and decomposition

d. Catabolic, exergonic, and decomposition

31. Uracil ________. a. contains nitrogen b. is a pyrimidine c. is found in RNA d. all of the above

d. all of the above

4. Together, just four elements make up more than 95 percent of the body's mass. These include ________. a. calcium, magnesium, iron, and carbon b. oxygen, calcium, iron, and nitrogen c. sodium, chlorine, carbon, and hydrogen d. oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen

d. oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen

19. Chewing a bite of bread mixes it with saliva and facilitates its chemical breakdown. This is most likely due to the fact that ________. a. the inside of the mouth maintains a very high temperature b. chewing stores potential energy c. chewing facilitates synthesis reactions d. saliva contains enzymes

d. saliva contains enzymes