Chapter 2: The Chemical Context of Life (Multiple-Choice Questions), A.P. Biology Water Quiz, TEST PREP: Chapter 5; The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules, Campbell Biology; Tenth Edition, AP Biology Chapter 6 Multiple Choice

Cellulose is a __________ made of many __________. a. protein ... amino acids b. lipid ... triacylglycerols c. polypeptide ... monomers d. polymer ... glucose molecules e. carbohydrate ... fatty acids

polymer ... glucose molecules

The α helix and β pleated sheet represent which level of protein structure? a. tertiary structure b. pentiary structure c. secondary structure d. quaternary structure e. primary structure

secondary structure

Carbohydrates can function in which of the following ways? a. structural support b. energy storage c. enzymatic catalysis d. information storage e. structural support and energy storage

structural support and energy storage

Oxygen has an atomic number of 8 and a mass number of 16. Thus, what is the atomic mass of an oxygen atom? A) exactly 8 grams B) exactly 8 daltons C) approximately 16 grams D) approximately 16 daltons E) 24 amu (atomic mass units)

D) approximately 16 daltons

About 25 of the 92 natural elements are known to be essential to life. Which four of these 25 elements make up approximately 96% of living matter? A) carbon, sodium, hydrogen, nitrogen B) carbon, oxygen, phosphorus, hydrogen C) oxygen, hydrogen, calcium, nitrogen D) carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen E) carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, calcium

D) carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen

Knowing just the atomic mass of an element allows inferences about which of the following? A) the chemical properties of the element B) the number of protons in the element C) the number of neutrons in the element D) the number of protons plus neutrons in the element E) both the number of protons and the chemical properties of the element

D) the number of protons plus neutrons in the element

A shortage of phosphorus in the soil would make it especially difficult for a plant to manufacture __________. a. fatty acids b. proteins c. DNA d. sucrose e. cellulose

DNA

Which of the following describes a difference between DNA and RNA? a. RNA molecules generally consist of a single polynucleotide chain, whereas DNA molecules generally consist of two polynucleotide chains organized into a double helix. b. Both molecules contain adenine, guanine and cytosine, but DNA also contains thymine and RNA also contains uracil. c. They contain different sugars. d. The first and second listed responses correctly describe differences between DNA and RNA. e. The first three listed responses correctly describe differences between DNA and RNA.

The first three listed responses correctly describe differences between DNA and RNA.

Amylase is an enzyme that breaks down starch. Why cannot the same enzyme break down cellulose? a. The bonds between the monosaccharide monomers in cellulose are much stronger. b. The enzyme cannot attack cellulose because of its helical shape. c. The monosaccharide monomers in cellulose are bonded together differently than those in starch. d. Starch is made of glucose; cellulose is made of fructose. e. Cellulose molecules are much too large.

The monosaccharide monomers in cellulose are bonded together differently than those in starch.

Enzymes that break down DNA catalyze the hydrolysis of the covalent bonds that join nucleotides together. What would happen to DNA molecules treated with these enzymes? a. The phosphodiester linkages of the polynucleotide backbone would be broken. b. The two strands of the double helix would separate. c. The pyrimidines would be separated from the deoxyribose sugars. d. The purines would be separated from the deoxyribose sugars. e. All bases would be separated from the deoxyribose sugars.

The phosphodiester linkages of the polynucleotide backbone would be broken.

Which of the following is true of water? a. the oxygen end is slightly electropositive b. hydrogen bonds hold water molecules together c. water covers about one-half of the earth's surface d. hydrophobic interactions attract water molecules e. solvent properties are greatest with nonpolar molecules

b. hydrogen bonds hold water molecules together

How does the water on Earth regulate the Earth's temperature? a. it lets heat pass through it, but only increases a few degrees in temp b. it absorbs heat, but only increases a few degrees in temp c. it lets heat pass through it, decreasing in temp d. it absorbs heat, decreasing in temp

b. it absorbs heat, but only increases a few degrees in temp

How does water act in most solutions? a. it is a universal solute, dissolving mostly ionic or polar covalent substances b. it is a universal solvent, dissolving mostly ionic or polar covalent substances c. it is a universal solute, dissolving mostly non-polar covalent substances d. it is a universal solvent, dissolving mostly non-polar covalent substances

b. it is a universal solvent, dissolving mostly ionic or polar covalent substances

Which of the following statements about water is false? a. water molecules are polar b. it takes very little heat to change the temperature of water c. all living organisms contain water d. ice is less dense than liquid water e. none; all these statments are true

b. it takes very little heat to change the temperature of water

What does cohesion state? a. water sticks to other substances b. water sticks to water c. hydrogen sticks to hydrogen d. hydrogen sticks to other substances

b. water sticks to water

Why does ice float? a. when water cools, molecules, get further away, form more H bonds, thus pushing molecules apart making water less dense, which makes ice float b. when water cools, molecules get closer, form more H bonds, thus pushing molecules apart making water less dense, which makes ice float c. when water cools, molecules get further away, form more H bonds, thus pushing molecules together, making water less dense, which makes ice float d. when water cools molecules get closer, form more H bonds, thus pushing molecules together, making water less dense, which makes ice float

b. when water cools, molecules get closer, form more H bonds, thus pushing molecules apart making water less dense, which makes ice float

How can one measure OH- concentration a. pH scale b. pOH scale c. both of these d. stereoscope

c. both of these

Water is an example of a(n) a. atom b. ion c. compound d. mixture e. element

c. compound

Water has the ability to retain heat gain and loss due to its a. hydrophilic interactions b. evaporation c. hydrogen bonds d. crystal structure e. liquidity

c. hydrogen bonds

Which of the following categories includes all others in the list? a. disaccharide b. monosaccharide c. carbohydrate d. starch e. polysaccharide

carbohydrate

Which of the following components of a tossed salad will pass through the human digestive tract and be digested the least? a. starch (in the croutons) b. cellulose (in the lettuce) c. sugar (in the dressing) d. oil (in the dressing) e. protein (in the bacon bits)

cellulose (in the lettuce)

Which of the following is a polymer? a. triacylglycerol, or fat b. fructose, a component of sucrose c. glucose, an energy-rich molecule d. testosterone, a steroid hormone e. cellulose, a plant cell wall component

cellulose, a plant cell wall component

Which type of protein shields a newly forming protein from cytoplasmic influences while it is folding into its functional form? a. receptor proteins b. fibrous proteins c. antibodies d. chaperonins e. enzymes

chaperonins

At a conference, the speaker's grand finale was sautéing mealworms (insect larvae) in butter and serving them to the audience. They were crunchy (like popcorn hulls) because their exoskeletons contain the polysaccharide __________. a. collagen b. palmitic acid c. glycogen d. cellulose e. chitin

chitin

Name the 7 properties of water

cohesion, adhesion, surface tension, high specific heat, high heat of vaporization, ice floats, universal solvent

The type of bond that forms to join monomers (such as sugars and amino acids) into polymers (such as starch and proteins) is a(n) __________ bond. a. covalent b. van der Waals c. hydrogen d. peptide e. ionic

covalent

The unequal sharing of electrons within a water molecule makes the water molecule a. change easily from a liquid to gaseous form b. ionic c. hydrophobic d. polar e. have a low surface tension

d. polar

What is surface tension? a. when pressure in water is higher towards the surface b. when the air meets the surface of the water and pushes it downward c. when the surface of a body of water spontaneously sinks into itself d. When water forms a ¨skin¨ on its surface

d. when water forms a ¨skin¨ on its surface

What is the process by which monomers are linked together to form polymers? a. protein formation b. coiling c. monomerization d. dehydration reaction e. hydrolysis

dehydration reaction

Carbohydrates are used in our bodies mainly for __________. a. membrane construction b. building genetic material c. energy storage and release d. lipid storage e. structural molecules, such as hair and fingernails

energy storage and release

Some lipids are formed when fatty acids are linked to glycerol. These subunits are linked together by __________. a. glycosidic linkages b. phosphodiester linkages c. ester linkages d. ionic bonds e. peptide bonds

ester linkages

Which of the following carbohydrate molecules has the lowest molecular mass? a. glucose b. chitin c. sucrose d. cellulose e. lactose

glucose

A polysaccharide that is used for storing energy in human muscle and liver cells is __________. a. glycogen b. chitin c. starch d. cellulose e. glucose

glycogen

The enzyme amylase can break glycosidic linkages between glucose monomers only if the monomers are in the a form. Which of the following could amylase break down? a. starch, amylopectin, and cellulose b. glycogen and cellulose c. starch and chitin d. glycogen, starch, and amylopectin e. cellulose and chitin

glycogen, starch, and amylopectin

The subunits (monomers) in cellulose are linked together by __________. a. peptide bonds b. glycosidic linkages c. ionic bonds d. phosphodiester linkages e. ester linkages

glycosidic linkages

What kind of bonds hold water molecules together?

hydrogen

Which of the following terms can be correctly used to describe compounds that do NOT mix with water? a. proteins b. hydrophilic c. hydrogen-bonded d. hydrophobic e. phospholipids

hydrophobic

The fatty acid tails of a phospholipid are __________ because they __________. a. hydrophobic ... consist of units assembled by dehydration reactions b. hydrophilic ... are easily hydrolyzed into their monomers c. hydrophobic ... have no charges to which water molecules can adhere d. hydrophilic ... consist of units assembled by dehydration reactions e. hydrophobic ... dissolve easily in water

hydrophobic ... have no charges to which water molecules can adhere

The sex hormones estradiol and testosterone belong to which class of molecules? a. lipids b. proteins c. carbohydrates d. nucleic acids e. amino acids

lipids

Which of the following is the major energy storage compound of plant seeds? a. cellulose b. oils c. amylose d. lipids e. glycogen

oils

The lipids that form the main structural component of cell membranes are __________. a. carbohydrates b. proteins c. triacylglycerols d. cholesterol e. phospholipids

phospholipids

The structural level of a protein least affected by a disruption in hydrogen bonding is the a. primary level. b. quaternary level. c. tertiary level d. secondary level. e. All structural levels are equally affected.

primary level.

Hydrophobic molecules are ______________ water.

repelled by

In what polysaccharide form do plants store glucose to be available later as an energy source? a. protein b. starch c. fatty acids d. cellulose e. glycogen

starch

The polysaccharide that you are most likely to have eaten recently is __________. a. ribose b. lactose c. glucose d. starch e. chitin

starch

Which of the following statements concerning unsaturated fats is true? a. They generally solidify at room temperature. b. They contain more hydrogen than do saturated fats having the same number of carbon atoms. c. They are more common in animals than in plants. d. They have double bonds in the carbon chains of their fatty acids. e. They have fewer fatty acid molecules per fat molecule.

They have double bonds in the carbon chains of their fatty acids.

If a small droplet of triacylglycerol molecules is suspended in water, the fat molecules form a "ball of spaghetti" with no particular orientation. But if a droplet of phospholipid molecules is put in water, all the molecules point outward, toward the water. Phospholipids are forced into this orientation because phospholipids have __________. a. both a saturated fatty acid and an unsaturated fatty acid b. three fatty acid molecules, all pointing in different directions c. two fatty acid molecules pointing in different directions d. a charged or polar end and an uncharged or nonpolar end e. two charged or polar ends

a charged or polar end and an uncharged or nonpolar end

The peptide bond is __________. a. a covalent bond joining simple sugars together to form a polypeptide b. a covalent bond joining nucleotides together to form a nucleic acid c. a hydrogen bond joining nucleotides together to form a nucleic acid d. a hydrogen bond joining amino acids together to form a polypeptide e. a covalent bond joining amino acids together to form a polypeptide

a covalent bond joining amino acids together to form a polypeptide

Lipids differ from other large biological molecules in that they __________. a. are much larger b. do not contain nitrogen and phosphorus atoms c. are not truly polymers d. do not contain carbon e. do not have specific shapes

are not truly polymers

The overall three-dimensional shape of a single polypeptide is called its __________. a. secondary structure b. tertiary structure c. primary structure d. double helix e. quaternary structure

tertiary structure

Which of the following lists ranks these molecules in the correct order by size from smallest to largest? a. water, glucose, sucrose, protein b. water, sucrose, glucose, protein c. glucose, water, sucrose, protein d. water, protein, sucrose, glucose e. protein, water, glucose, sucrose

water, glucose, sucrose, protein

25) The Golgi apparatus has a polarity, or sidedness, to its structure and function. Which of the following statements correctly describes this polarity? A) Transport vesicles fuse with one side of the Golgi and leave from the opposite side. B) Proteins in the membrane of the Golgi may be sorted and modified as they move from one side of the Golgi to the other. C) Lipids in the membrane of the Golgi may be sorted and modified as they move from one side of the Golgi to the other. D) All of the listed responses correctly describe polarity characteristics of the Golgi function.

D

32) Asbestos is a material that was once used extensively in construction. One risk from working in a building that contains asbestos is the development of asbestosis caused by the inhalation of asbestos fibers. Cells will phagocytize asbestos, but are not able to degrade it. As a result, asbestos fibers accumulate in _____. A) mitochondria B) ribosomes C) peroxisomes D) lysosomes

D

37) In a liver cell detoxifying alcohol and some other poisons, the enzymes of the peroxisome remove hydrogen from these molecules and _____. A) combine the hydrogen with water molecules to generate hydrogen peroxide B) use the hydrogen to break down hydrogen peroxide C) transfer the hydrogen to the mitochondria D) transfer the hydrogen to oxygen molecules to generate hydrogen peroxide

D

42) Suppose a young boy is always tired and fatigued, suffering from a metabolic disease. Which of the following organelles is most likely involved in this disease? A) lysosomes B) Golgi apparatus C) ribosomes D) mitochondria

D

47) Researchers tried to explain how vesicular transport occurs in cells by attempting to assemble the transport components. They set up microtubular tracks along which vesicles could be transported, and they added vesicles and ATP (because they knew the transport process requires energy). Yet, when they put everything together, there was no movement or transport of vesicles. What were they missing? A) an axon B) contractile microfilaments C) endoplasmic reticulum D) motor proteins

D

48) Cilia and flagella bend because of _____. A) conformational changes in ATP that thrust microtubules laterally B) a motor protein called radial spokes C) the quick inward movements of water by osmosis. D) a motor protein called dynein

D

50) Cytochalasin D is a drug that prevents actin polymerization. A cell treated with cytochalasin D will still be able to _____. A) divide in two B) contract muscle fibers C) extend pseudopodia D) move vesicles within a cell

D

55) The extracellular matrix is thought to participate in the regulation of animal cell behavior by communicating information from the outside to the inside of the cell via which of the following? A) gap junctions B) the nucleus C) DNA and RNA D) integrins

D

57) Ions can travel directly from the cytoplasm of one animal cell to the cytoplasm of an adjacent cell through _____. A) plasmodesmata B) tight junctions C) desmosomes D) gap junctions

D

Generally, animals cannot digest (hydrolyze) the glycosidic linkages between the glucose molecules in cellulose. How then do cows get enough nutrients from eating grass? a. They have to eat a lot of grass. b. Cows and other herbivores are exceptions and make some cellulose-digesting enzymes. c. Microorganisms in their digestive tracts hydrolyze the cellulose to individual glucose units. d. The flat teeth and strong stomach of herbivores break the cellulose fibers so that the cows get enough nutrition from the cell contents. e. All of the listed responses are correct.

Microorganisms in their digestive tracts hydrolyze the cellulose to individual glucose units.

Which of the following is a true statement comparing phospholipids and triacylglycerols (fats and oils)? a. In nature, phospholipids occur in fused rings (sterol form), whereas triacylglycerols maintain a straight-chain form. b. Phospholipid molecules have a distinctly polar "head" and a distinctly nonpolar "tail," whereas triacylglycerols are predominantly nonpolar. c. Triacylglycerols may be saturated or unsaturated, but all phospholipids are saturated. d. Phospholipids are the primary storage form for fats in our bodies. e. Both molecules contain a phosphate group.

Phospholipid molecules have a distinctly polar "head" and a distinctly nonpolar "tail," whereas triacylglycerols are predominantly nonpolar.

16) What is the function of the nuclear pore complex found in eukaryotes? A) It regulates the movement of proteins and RNAs into and out of the nucleus. B) It synthesizes the proteins required to copy DNA and make mRNA. C) It selectively transports molecules out of the nucleus, but prevents all inbound molecules from entering the nucleus. D) It assembles ribosomes from raw materials that are synthesized in the nucleus.

A

27) Which structure is the site of the synthesis of proteins that may be exported from the cell? A) rough ER B) plasmodesmata C) Golgi vesicles D) free cytoplasmic ribosomes

A

35) Thylakoids, DNA, and ribosomes are all components found in _____. A) chloroplasts B) mitochondria C) lysosomes D) nuclei

A

38) The evolution of eukaryotic cells most likely involved _____. A) endosymbiosis of an aerobic bacterium in a larger host cell—the endosymbiont evolved into mitochondria B) anaerobic archaea taking up residence inside a larger bacterial host cell to escape toxic oxygen—the anaerobic bacterium evolved into chloroplasts C) an endosymbiotic fungal cell evolving into the nucleus D) acquisition of an endomembrane system and subsequent evolution of mitochondria from a portion of the Golgi

A

41) Cyanide binds with at least one molecule involved in producing ATP. If a cell is exposed to cyanide, most of the cyanide will be found within the _____. A) mitochondria B) peroxisomes C) lysosomes D) endoplasmic reticulum

A

46) Amoebae move by crawling over a surface (cell crawling), which involves _____. A) growth of actin filaments to form bulges in the plasma membrane B) setting up microtubule extensions that vesicles can follow in the movement of cytoplasm C) reinforcing the pseudopod with intermediate filaments D) cytoplasmic streaming

A

49) Spherocytosis is a human blood disorder associated with a defective cytoskeletal protein in the red blood cells (RBCs). What do you suspect is the consequence of such a defect? A) abnormally shaped RBCs B) an insufficient supply of ATP in the RBCs C) an insufficient supply of oxygentransporting proteins in the RBCs D) adherence of RBCs to blood vessel walls, causing plaque formation

A

51) Cells require which of the following to form cilia or flagella? A) tubulin B) laminin C) actin D) intermediate filaments

A

58) In plant cells, the middle lamella _____. A) allows adjacent cells to adhere to one another B) prevents dehydration of adjacent cells C) maintains the plant's circulatory system D) allows for gas and nutrient exchange among adjacent cells

A

59) Where would you expect to find tight junctions? A) in the epithelium of an animal's stomach B) between the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and the rough endoplasmic reticulum C) between plant cells in a woody plant D) in the plasma membrane of prokaryotes

A

21) A cell with a predominance of free ribosomes is most likely _____. A) primarily producing proteins for secretion B) primarily producing proteins in the cytosol C) constructing an extensive cell wall or extracellular matrix D) enlarging its vacuole

B

22) Which organelle often takes up much of the volume of a plant cell? A) lysosome B) vacuole C) Golgi apparatus D) peroxisome

B

23) A cell with an extensive area of smooth endoplasmic reticulum is specialized to _____. A) play a role in storage B) synthesize large quantities of lipids C) actively export protein molecules D) import and export protein molecules

B

24) Which structure is NOT part of the endomembrane system? A) nuclear envelope B) chloroplast C) Golgi apparatus D) plasma membrane

B

26) The difference in lipid and protein composition between the membranes of the endomembrane system is largely determined by the _____. A) transportation of membrane lipids among the membranes of the endomembrane system by small membrane vesicles B) function of the Golgi apparatus in sorting and directing membrane components C) modification of the membrane components once they reach their final destination D) synthesis of different lipids and proteins in each of the organelles of the endomembrane system

B

29) The liver is involved in detoxification of many poisons and drugs. Which of the following structures is primarily involved in this process and, therefore, abundant in liver cells? A) rough ER B) smooth ER C) Golgi apparatus D) nuclear envelope

B

34) Which organelle is the primary site of ATP synthesis in eukaryotic cells? A) lysosome B) mitochondrion C) Golgi apparatus D) peroxisome

B

44) Which of the following contain the 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules, consisting of nine doublets of microtubules surrounding a pair of single microtubules? A) motile cilia and primary (nonmotile) cilia B) flagella and motile cilia C) basal bodies and primary (nonmotile) cilia D) centrioles and basal bodies

B

56) Plasmodesmata in plant cells are most similar in function to which of the following structures in animal cells? A) desmosomes B) gap junctions C) extracellular matrix D) tight junctions

B

62) Both the volume and the surface area for three different cells were measured. These values are listed in the following table: Volume Surface Area Cell 1 9.3 μm3 26.5 μm2 Cell 2 12.2 μm3 37.1 μm2 Cell 3 17.6 μm3 40.6 μm2 Using data from the table above, select the best explanation for why that cell will be able to eliminate waste most efficiently? A) Cell 1 since it has the smallest volume and will not produce as much waste as the other cells. B) Cell 2 since it has the highest surface areatovolume ratio which facilitates the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment. C) Cell 3 since it has the largest surface area which will enable it to eliminate all of its wastes quickly. D) Cell 3 because it is big enough to allow wastes to easily diffuse through the plasma membrane.

B

15) Which organelle or structure is absent in plant cells? A) mitochondria B) microtubules C) centrosomes D) peroxisomes

C

17) Which of the following macromolecules leaves the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell through pores in the nuclear membrane? A) DNA B) amino acids C) mRNA D) phospholipids

C

18) Which of the following statements correctly describes some aspect of protein secretion from prokaryotic cells? A) Prokaryotes cannot secrete proteins because they lack an endomembrane system. B) The mechanism of protein secretion in prokaryotes is probably the same as that in eukaryotes. C) Proteins secreted by prokaryotes are synthesized on ribosomes bound to the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane. D) Prokaryotes cannot secrete proteins because they lack ribosomes.

C

19) Large numbers of ribosomes are present in cells that specialize in producing which of the following molecules? A) lipids B) glycogen C) proteins D) nucleic acids

C

20) The nuclear lamina is an array of filaments on the inner side of the nuclear membrane. If a method were found that could cause the lamina to fall into disarray, what would you most likely expect to be the immediate consequence? A) the loss of all nuclear function B) the inability of the nucleus to divide during cell division C) a change in the shape of the nucleus D) failure of chromosomes to carry genetic information

C

28) TaySachs disease is a human genetic abnormality that results in cells accumulating and becoming clogged with very large, complex, undigested lipids. Which cellular organelle must be involved in this condition? A) the endoplasmic reticulum B) the Golgi apparatus C) the lysosome D) mitochondrion

C

30) Which of the following produces and modifies polysaccharides that will be secreted? A) lysosome B) mitochondrion C) Golgi apparatus D) peroxisome

C

31) What is the most likely pathway taken by a newly synthesized protein that will be secreted by a cell? A) ER → Golgi → nucleus B) Golgi → ER → lysosome C) ER → Golgi → vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane D) ER → lysosomes → vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane

C

33) Which of the following is NOT true? Both chloroplasts and mitochondria _____. A) have their own DNA B) have multiple membranes C) are part of the endomembrane system D) are capable of reproducing themselves

C

36) In a plant cell, DNA may be found _____. A) only in the nucleus B) only in the nucleus and chloroplasts C) in the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts D) in the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and peroxisomes

C

39) Where are proteins produced other than on ribosomes free in the cytosol or ribosomes attached to the ER? A) in the extracellular matrix B) in the Golgi apparatus C) in mitochondria D) in the nucleolus

C

40) Suppose a cell has the following molecules and structures: enzymes, DNA, ribosomes, plasma membrane, and mitochondria. It could be a cell from _____. A) a bacterium B) an animal but not a plant C) nearly any eukaryotic organism D) a plant but not an animal

C

43) Motor proteins provide for molecular motion in cells by interacting with what types of cellular structures? A) membrane proteins of the inner nuclear envelope B) free ribosomes and ribosomes attached to the ER C) components of the cytoskeleton D) cellulose fibers in the cell wall

C

45) Vinblastine, a drug that inhibits microtubule polymerization, is used to treat some forms of cancer. Cancer cells given vinblastine would be unable to _____. A) form cleavage furrows during cell division B) migrate by amoeboid movement C) separate chromosomes during cell division D) maintain the shape of the nucleus

C

52) Which of the following statements about the cytoskeleton is true? A) The cytoskeleton of eukaryotes is a static structure most resembling scaffolding used at construction sites. B) Although microtubules are common within a cell, actin filaments are rarely found outside of the nucleus. C) Movement of cilia and flagella is the result of motor proteins causing microtubules to move relative to each other. D) Chemicals that block the assembly of the cytoskeleton would have little effect on a cell's response to external stimuli.

C

53) The cell walls of bacteria, fungi, and plant cells and the extracellular matrix of animal cells are all external to the plasma membrane. Which of the following is a characteristic common to all of these extracellular structures? A) They must block water and small molecules to regulate the exchange of matter and energy with their environment. B) They must provide a rigid structure that maintains an appropriate ratio of cell surface area to volume. C) They are constructed of polymers that are synthesized in the cytoplasm and then transported out of the cell. D) They are composed of a mixture of lipids and nucleotides.

C

54) A mutation that disrupts the ability of an animal cell to add polysaccharide modifications to proteins would most likely cause defects in its _____. A) nuclear matrix and extracellular matrix B) mitochondria and Golgi apparatus C) Golgi apparatus and extracellular matrix D) nuclear pores and secretory vesicles

C

60) H. V. Wilson worked with sponges to gain some insight into exactly what was responsible for holding adjacent cells together. He exposed two species of differently pigmented sponges to a chemical that disrupted the cellcell interaction (cell junctions), and the cells of the sponges dissociated. Wilson then mixed the cells of the two species and removed the chemical that caused the cells to dissociate. Wilson found that the sponges reassembled into two separate species. The cells from one species did not interact or form associations with the cells of the other species. How do you explain the results of Wilson's experiments? A) The two species of sponge had different enzymes that functioned in the reassembly process. B) The molecules responsible for cellcell adhesion (cell junctions) were irreversibly destroyed during the experiment. C) The molecules responsible for cellcell adhesion (cell junctions) differed between the two species of sponge. D) One cell functioned as the nucleus for each organism, thereby attracting only cells of the same pigment.

C

61) Gaucher disease is the most common of lipid storage diseases in humans. It is caused by a deficiency of an enzyme necessary for lipid metabolism. This leads to a collection of fatty material in organs of the body including the spleen, liver, kidneys, lungs, brain, and bone marrow. Using your knowledge of the structure of eukaryotic cells, identify the statement below that best explains how internal membranes and the organelles of cells would be involved in Gaucher disease. A) The mitochondria are most likely defective and do not produce adequate amounts of ATP needed for cellular respiration. B) The rough endoplasmic reticulum contains too many ribosomes which results in an overproduction of the enzyme involved in carbohydrate catalysis. C) The lysosomes lack sufficient amounts of enzymes necessary for the metabolism of lipids. D) The Golgi apparatus produces vesicles with faulty membranes that leak their contents into the cytoplasm of the cell.

C

Which of the following pairs of base sequences could form a short stretch of a normal double helix of DNA? a. 5′-GCGC-3′ with 5′-TATA-3′ b. 5′-ATGC-3′ with 5′-GCAT-3′ c. 5′-purine-pyrimidine-purine-pyrimidine-3′ with 3′-purine-pyrimidine-purine-pyrimidine-5′ d. 5′-AGCT-3′ with 5′-TCGA-3′ e. All of these pairs are correct.

5′-ATGC-3′ with 5′-GCAT-3′

1) The smallest cell structure that would most likely be visible with a standard (not superresolution) researchgrade light microscope is a _____. A) mitochondrion B) microtubule C) ribosome D) microfilament

A

5) What technique would be most appropriate to use to observe the movements of condensed chromosomes during cell division? A) standard light microscopy B) scanning electron microscopy C) transmission electron microscopy

A

What do Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and mad cow disease have in common? a. All cause the misfolding of nucleic acids. b. All are associated with the buildup of lipids in brain cells due to faulty lysosome activity. c. All are caused by the buildup of misfolded proteins in cells. d. All are associated with plaque buildup in arteries (atherosclerosis). e. All are associated with the buildup of misfolded proteins in cells.

All are associated with the buildup of misfolded proteins in cells.

Enzyme molecules require a specific shape to perform their catalytic function. Which of the following might alter the shape of an enzymatic protein? a. denaturing the protein b. a change in salt concentrations or pH c. treating the protein with a chemical that breaks hydrogen bonds d. heating the protein e. All of the listed responses are correct.

All of the listed responses are correct.

Which of the following is true regarding complementary base pairing in DNA and RNA molecules? a. Complementary base pairing promotes an antiparallel orientation in the structure of DNA and RNA molecules. b. Although a DNA molecule demonstrates complementary base pairing between two DNA polynucleotides to form a double helix, an RNA molecule can base-pair only along stretches of nucleotides in the same RNA molecule, such as in transfer RNA molecules. c. Although the base pairing between two strands of DNA in a DNA molecule can be thousands to millions of base pairs long, base pairing in an RNA molecule is limited to short stretches of nucleotides in the same molecule or between two RNA molecules. d. Complementary base pairing within single strands of DNA and RNA gives them particular three-dimensional structures that are necessary for their function. e. None of the listed responses is correct.

Although the base pairing between two strands of DNA in a DNA molecule can be thousands to millions of base pairs long, base pairing in an RNA molecule is limited to short stretches of nucleotides in the same molecule or between two RNA molecules.

11) Prokaryotes are classified as belonging to two different domains. What are the domains? A) Bacteria and Eukarya B) Bacteria and Archaea C) Archaea and Protista D) Bacteria and Protista

B

13) Which of the following is present in a prokaryotic cell? A) mitochondrion B) ribosome C) chloroplast D) ER

B

3) In the fractionation of homogenized cells using centrifugation, the primary factor that determines whether a specific cellular component ends up in the supernatant or the pellet is the _____. A) relative solubility of the component B) size and weight of the component C) percentage of carbohydrates in the component D) presence or absence of lipids in the component

B

6) A newspaper ad for a local toy store indicates that an inexpensive toy microscope available for a small child is able to magnify specimens nearly as much as the more costly microscope available in your college lab. What is the primary reason for the price difference? A) The toy microscope does not have the same fine control for focus of the specimen. B) The toy microscope magnifies a good deal, but has low resolution and therefore poor quality images. C) The college microscope produces greater contrast in the specimens. D) The toy microscope usually uses a different wavelength of light source.

B

9) Which of the following is a major difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells? A) Prokaryotes have cells while eukaryotes do not. B) Eukaryotic cells have more intracellular organelles than prokaryotes. C) Prokaryotes are not able to carry out aerobic respiration, relying instead on anaerobic metabolism. D) Prokaryotes are generally larger than eukaryotes.

B

10) You have a cube of modeling clay in your hands. Which of the following changes to the shape of this cube of clay will decrease its surface area relative to its volume? A) Pinch the edges of the cube into small folds. B) Flatten the cube into a pancake shape. C) Round the clay up into a sphere. D) Stretch the cube into a long, shoebox shape.

C

12) Which structure is common to plant and animal cells? A) chloroplast B) central vacuole C) mitochondrion D) centriole

C

14) In a bacterium, we will find DNA in _____. A) a membraneenclosed nucleus B) mitochondria C) the nucleoid D) ribosomes

C

2) The advantage of light microscopy over electron microscopy is that _____. A) light microscopy provides for higher magnification than electron microscopy B) light microscopy provides for higher resolving power than electron microscopy C) light microscopy allows one to view dynamic processes in living cells D) light microscopy provides higher contrast than electron microscopy

C

4) What is the reason that a modern transmission electron microscope (TEM) can resolve biological images to the subnanometer level, as opposed to tens of nanometers achievable for the best superresolution light microscope? A) The focal length of the electron microscope is significantly longer. B) Contrast is enhanced by staining with atoms of heavy metal. C) Electron beams have much shorter wavelengths than visible light. D) The electron microscope has a much greater ratio of image size to real size.

C

8) Cell size is limited by _____. A) the number of proteins within the plasma membrane B) the surface area of mitochondria in the cytoplasm C) surface to volume ratios D) the size of the endomembrane system

C

Why is each element unique and different from other elements in chemical properties? A) Each element has a unique atomic mass. B) Each element has a unique atomic weight. C) Each element has a unique number of protons in its nucleus. D) Each element has a unique number of neutrons in its nucleus. E) Each element has different radioactive properties.

C) Each element has a unique number of protons in its nucleus.

Which of the following statements is false? A) Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen are the most abundant elements of living matter. B) Some trace elements are very abundant on Earth. C) Virtually all organisms require the same elements in the same quantities. D) Iron is an example of an element needed by all organisms. E) Other than some trace elements, animals are mostly made up of the same elements as plants, in similar proportions.

C) Virtually all organisms require the same elements in the same quantities.

Trace elements are those required by an organism in only minute quantities. Which of the following is a trace element that is required by humans and other vertebrates, but not by other organisms such as bacteria or plants? A) nitrogen B) calcium C) iodine D) sodium E) phosphorus

C) iodine

The molecular formula for glucose is C6H12O6. What would be the molecular formula for a polymer made by linking ten glucose molecules together by dehydration reactions? a. C60H100O50 b. C60H111O51 c. C60H102O51 d. C6H12O6 e. C60H120O60

C60H102O51

Which of the following molecules is a monosaccharide? a. C25H43O8 b. C22H49O10N5 c. C51H98O6 d. C6H12O6 e. C45H84O8PN

C6H12O6

High cholesterol levels are considered a major risk factor for heart disease. If it is so bad for humans, why does the body make cholesterol in the first place? a. Cholesterol is an important constituent of nucleotides. b. Cholesterol is an important energy storage molecule. c. Cholesterol aids in the formation of amino acids that are used to build proteins. d. Cholesterol is the precursor for many important molecules such as sex hormones. e. Cholesterol is not important for humans anymore. It is a holdover from hunter-gatherer days when food was scarce.

Cholesterol is the precursor for many important molecules such as sex hormones.

7) All of the following are part of a prokaryotic cell EXCEPT _____. A) a cell wall B) a plasma membrane C) ribosomes D) an endoplasmic reticulum

D

In what way are elements in the same column of the periodic table the same? A) They have the same number of protons. B) They have the same number of neutrons. C) They have the same number of electrons. D) They have the same number of electrons in their valence shell. E) They have the same number of electron shells.

D) They have the same number of electrons in their valence shell.

When a protein is denatured, why does it lose its functionality? a. The protein's pH changes, and the change causes the protein to lose its functionality. b. Different amino acids are substituted into the sequence, so the protein's properties change. c. Denaturation breaks the intramolecular bonds, such as hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions, that hold the protein in its three-dimensional shape. Without the proper shape, the protein cannot function. d. Denaturation destroys the primary structure of the protein, and the protein breaks down to monomers. e. Denaturation breaks the covalent bonds that hold the protein in its three-dimensional shape. Without the proper shape, the protein cannot function.

Denaturation breaks the intramolecular bonds, such as hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions, that hold the protein in its three-dimensional shape. Without the proper shape, the protein cannot function.

The nucleus of a nitrogen atom contains 7 neutrons and 7 protons. Which of the following is a correct statement concerning nitrogen? A) The nitrogen atom has a mass number of approximately 7 daltons and an atomic mass of 14. B) The nitrogen atom has a mass number of approximately 14 daltons and an atomic mass of 7. C) The nitrogen atom has a mass number of 14 and an atomic mass of 7 grams. D) The nitrogen atom has a mass number of 7 and an atomic number of 14. E) The nitrogen atom has a mass number of 14 and an atomic mass of approximately 14 daltons.

E) The nitrogen atom has a mass number of 14 and an atomic mass of approximately 14 daltons.

What factors are most important in determining which elements are most common in living matter? A) the relative abundances of the elements in Earth's crust and atmosphere B) the emergent properties of the simple compounds made from these elements C) the reactivity of the elements with water D) the chemical stability of the elements E) both the relative abundances of the elements and the emergent properties of the compounds made from these elements

E) both the relative abundances of the elements and the emergent properties of the compounds made from these elements

Nutritionally, saturated triacylglycerols are considered to be less healthful than unsaturated triacylglycerols. What is the difference between them? a. Saturated triacylglycerols have more double bonds than unsaturated triacylglycerols do. b. Saturated triacylglycerols are liquid at room temperature. c. Saturated triacylglycerols are fats; unsaturated triacylglycerols are carbohydrates. d. For carbon skeletons of equal length, saturated triacylglycerols have more hydrogen atoms than unsaturated triacylglycerols do. e. All of the listed responses are correct.

For carbon skeletons of equal length, saturated triacylglycerols have more hydrogen atoms than unsaturated triacylglycerols do.

What is a distinguishing feature of most naturally occurring unsaturated fats? a. They all share four fused rings as a carbon skeleton. b. They are distinguished from other lipid forms by their chief role as components of cell membranes. c. All organisms share an equal ratio of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. d. Nearly all naturally occurring unsaturated fats have cis double bonds. e. Most unsaturated fats have trans double bonds, causing a kink in the hydrocarbon chain wherever they occur.

Nearly all naturally occurring unsaturated fats have cis double bonds.

Which of the following represents a specific description of a polypeptide? a. carbohydrates with a hydrogen bond holding them together b. organic monomers covalently bonded c. organic molecules linked by dehydration reactions d. amino acids linked by hydrolysis e. None of the listed responses is correct.

None of the listed responses is correct.

Which of the following lists represents the chemical components of a nucleotide? a. a nitrogenous base, a phosphate group, and a pentose sugar b. a nitrogenous base, an amino acid, and a pentose sugar c. a nitrogenous base, a fatty acid, and an amino acid d. a series of nitrogenous bases, a nucleic acid backbone, and a hexose sugar e. a nitrogenous base, an amino acid, and a phosphate group

a nitrogenous base, a phosphate group, and a pentose sugar

A glucose molecule is to starch as __________. a. an amino acid is to a nucleic acid b. a nucleic acid is to a polypeptide c. a steroid is to a lipid d. a protein is to an amino acid e. a nucleotide is to a nucleic acid

a nucleotide is to a nucleic acid

In a hydrolysis reaction, __________, and in this process water is __________. a. monomers are assembled to produce a polymer ... produced b. a monomer is broken up into its constituent polymers ... produced c. a polymer is broken up into its constituent monomers ... consumed d. monomers are assembled to produce a polymer ... consumed e. a polymer is broken up into its constituent monomers ... produced

a polymer is broken up into its constituent monomers ... consumed

Why isn't this insect drowning? a. surface tension b. the insect is very light c. it is difficult to change the temperature of water d. the insect is swimming e. the insect is flying just above the water surface

a surface tension

The column of water extending in tubes from plant roots to leaves is due mostly to a. cohesion b. evaporation c. ionization d. hydrophobic interactions e. all of these

a. cohesion

The tendency of an atom to pull electrons toward itself is referred to as its __________. a. electronegativity b. covalency c. ionic potential d. polarity e. tonictity

a. electronegativity

What type of bond is found between the oxygen and hydrogen of a water molecule? a. polar covalent b. hydrophobic c. ionic d. hydrophobic e. non-polar covalent

a. polar covalent

Covalent bonds result from a. the sharing of equal numbers of electrons by two atoms b. the exchange of equal numbers of electrons by two atoms c. the combination of two atoms of the same valence d. sharing of unequal numbers of electrons by two atoms

a. the sharing of equal numbers of electrons by two atoms

What is specific heat? a. the temperature it takes to raise 1g of a substance by 1 degree C b. the temperature it takes to raise 1g of a substance by 1 degree F c. the temperature in Celsius to boil 1g of a substance at boiling point d. the temperature in Fahrenheit to boil 1g of a substance at boiling point

a. the temperature it takes to raise 1g of a substance by 1 degree C

Manufacturers make vegetable oils solid or semisolid at room temperature by __________. a. adding hydrogen atoms to the single-bonded carbon atoms of the fatty acid hydrocarbon chains b. removing hydrogen atoms and forming additional single bonds in the fatty acid hydrocarbon chains c. removing hydrogen atoms and forming additional double bonds in the fatty acid hydrocarbon chains d. adding hydrogen atoms to the fatty acid hydrocarbon chains, thereby converting carbon-carbon double bonds to single bonds e. None of the listed responses is correct.

adding hydrogen atoms to the fatty acid hydrocarbon chains, thereby converting carbon-carbon double bonds to single bonds

Based on complementary base pairing, you would expect the percentage of __________ to be equal to the percentage of __________. a. adenine ... guanine b. thymine ... cytosine c. thymine ... guanine d. adenine ... cytosine e. adenine ... thymine

adenine ... thymine

Protein molecules are polymers (chains) of __________. a. fatty acid molecules b. DNA molecules c. purines and pyrimidines d. sucrose molecules e. amino acid molecules

amino acid molecules

In a 1-4 glycosidic linkage, __________. a. one glycerol molecule is bound to four fatty acids b. the number 1 carbon in one nucleotide is bound to the number 4 carbon in another nucleotide c. the number 1 carbon in one monosaccharide is bound to the number 4 carbon in another monosaccharide d. one monosaccharide is bound to four others e. there are four possible isomers of the structure

the number 1 carbon in one monosaccharide is bound to the number 4 carbon in another monosaccharide

The "primary structure" of a protein refers to __________. a. interactions among the side chains or R groups of the amino acids b. the weak aggregation of two or more polypeptide chains into one functional macromolecule c. the sequence of amino acids along a polypeptide chain d. the α helix or β pleated sheets e. coiling due to hydrogen bonding between amino acids

the sequence of amino acids along a polypeptide chain

One characteristic shared by sucrose, lactose, and maltose is that __________. a. they are all indigestible by humans b. they are all monosaccharides c. they are all disaccharides d. they are all polysaccharides e. they all contain fructose

they are all disaccharides

Which of the following are pyrimidines found in the nucleic acid DNA? a. thymine and cytosine b. thymine and adenine c. uracil and guanine d. adenine and guanine e. guanine and cytosine

thymine and cytosine