Chapter 20
Suleiman is known as
"The Lawgiver"
The fall of Istanbul to Ottomans marked the end of the Byzantine Empire
1453
the chief physician of the empire, produced a study on kidney and bladder stones. He also founded the first Ottoman medical school, which served as a training institution for physicians of the empire.
Abi Ahmet Celebi
Rule of ____ may well have been the greatest in the history of India
Abkar
Great military commander Expanded the dynasty to twice the size what it was Reformed government Accepted hinduism
Akbar
The region of modern Turkey.
Anatolia
ruled more of India than did any previous Mughal emperor, having extended the realm deeper into south India. His reign, however, also marked the beginning of the empire's decline
Aurangzeb
Military general who led his people to victory Writer loved music and art Did little to administer the empire
Babur
a Turkish ruler forced out of a small territory in Central Asia, captured Kabul and established a kingdom in Afghanistan
Babur
the Mughal leader _____ and his successors gained control of much of the Indian subcontinent
Babur
Why was Fatehpur-Sikri soon abandoned?
Bad water supply
India's cheif export
Block- printed cotton cloth
regarded as precious objects
Books
How did the Ottomans build their empire?
By absorbing the Muslims of Anatolia and by becoming the protector of the Orthodox Church and of the millions of Greek Christians in Anatolia and the Balkans
All the Islamic imperial houses were patrons of the arts. One of the arts shared by all 3 was
Carpet making
provided a place for conversation and male sociability; there a man could entertain his friends cheaply and more informally than at home
Coffeehouse
the Ottomans conquered __________, capital of the Byzantine Empire,
Constantinople
Because his capital at Agra was cramped, in 1639 Shah Jahan decided to found a new capital city at .
Delhi
In the mid-fifteenth century a new social convention spread throughout the Islamic world-
Drinking Coffee
As ottoman empire expanded
European trade routes were disrupted
No kingdom or coalition of kingdoms could long resist Akbar's armies. The once independent states of northern India were forced into a centralized political system under the sole authority of the Mughal emperor.
Fact!!
A term first used by the British for their trading post at Surat that was later apploed to all European walled settlements in India.
Factory-forts
What European alliances did Sulieman make?
France and German protestant princes
represent a distinctive and highly developed feature of Persian culture
Gardens
frontier raiders
Ghazis
invented by the Chinese and adapted to artillery use by the Europeans, played an influential role in the expansion of the Ottoman state
Gunpowder
Timur ordered the construction of a garden in a meadow, called
House of Flowers
The Portuguese controlled the spice trade over the _____ _______ for almost a century
Indian Ocean
Shah Abbas made his capital, ______, the jewel of the Safavid Empire.
Isfahan
______ became the most important force integrating the region
Islam
What is the only city to serve as capital of 3 different empires: The Roman Empire, The Byzantine Empire, and The Ottoman Empire
Istanbul
When the Turks captured Constantinople in 1453, they renamed it _____________________________.
Istanbul
A poll tax on non muslims
Jizya
Europeans called Suleiman "the ________" because of the grandeur of his court.
Magnificent
a militant Hindu group centered in the western Deccan
Marathas
Another distinctive characteristic of the Ottomans was the sultan's failure to _______
Marry
Why were the Ottomans successful?
Military technology-cannons Equipped with muskets Eliminated the need for calvary
A term meaning "Mongol," used to refer to the Muslim empire of India, although its founders were primarily Turks, Afghans, and Persians.
Mughal
Less successful than Ottomans in making the dynasty the focus of loyalty
Mughal
the largest, wealthiest, and most populous empire of he three great Islamic empires of the early modern world
Mughal
Women were treated with respect in...
Mughal Empire
In ________ the old Turkish practice of letting heirs fight for the throne persisted, leading to frequent struggles over succession, but also to strong rulers. Yet military challenges proved daunting there as well.
Mughal India
In 1739 the Persian adventurer _____ _______ invaded India, defeated the Mughal army, looted Delhi, and after a savage massacre carried off a huge amount of treasure, including the Peacock Throne.
Nadir Shah
Lasting more than six centuries (1299-1922), the _______ Empire was one of the largest, best-organized, and most enduring political entities in world history
Ottoman
The ________ Empire also suffered from poor leadership
Ottoman
The __________ Empire's military strength also declined
Ottoman
Ruling house of the Turkish empire that lasted from 1299 to 1922; took their name from Osman, the chief of a band of seminomadic Turks that had migrated into western Anatolia
Ottomans
produced a map incorporating Islamic and Western knowledge that showed all the known world
Piri Reis
a Turkish word meaning "redheads" that was applied to these people because of the red hats they wore)
Qizilbash
Under Akbar's Hindu finance minister, ________, a uniform system of taxes was in place
Raja Todar Mal
The dynasty that encompassed all of Persia and other regions; its state religion was Shi'ism
Safavid
The first to fall was the _______ empire
Safavid
the _______ Dynasty created a Shi'a state and presided over a brilliant culture
Safavid
the _______ state utilized the skills of urban bureaucrats and made them an essential part of the civil machinery of government
Safavid
Most Arabs came under Ottoman rule under what man?
Selina
In Safavid Persia _______ was determined to improve his country's export trade and built the small cottage business of carpet weaving into a national industry
Shah Abbas
Safavid power reached its height under ________, who moved the capital from Qazvin to Isfahan.
Shah Abbas
Taj Mahal for wife Patron of the arts
Shah Jahan
The ______ movement was most successful in northwest India, where Sikh men armed themselves to defend their communities.
Sikh
The birth of a long-awaited ____, Jahangir, inspired Akbar to build a new city, Fatehpur-Sikri, to symbolize the regime's Islamic foundations
Son
Group of islamic mystics
Sufi orders
extended Ottoman dominion to its widest geographical extent
Suleiman
An Arabic word originally used by the Seljuk Turks to mean authority or dominion; it was used by the Ottomans to connote political and military supremacy.
Sultan
What title did the ottomans sultan take
Sultan of Rome
Shah Jahan's most enduring monument is the ________
Taj Mahal
the construction of this memorial in Agra to Shah Jahan's favorite wife, who died giving birth to their fifteenth child.
Taj Mahal
Government revenue came more from ______ on framer than from _____
Taxes;trade
required that the governor general be chosen from outside the company, and it made company directors subject to parliamentary supervision
The India Act of 1784
created the office of governor general to exercise political authority over the territory controlled by the company
The Regulating Act of 1773
By the 1500's, the Ottomans had created
The largest empire in the Middle East and Europe
recognized British control of much of India, marking the beginning of the British Empire in India
Treaty of Paris of 1763
It was from the many small _______ _______ that the founders of the three main empires emerged
Turkish chiefs
Religious scholars whom Sunnis trust to interpret the Qur'an and the Sunna, the deeds and sayings of Muhammad.
Ulama
Assistants to emperors Royal officials
Vazirs
Chief assistants to caliphs
Viziers
often were employed as weavers, especially of the most expensive rugs, because their smaller hands could tie tinier knots.
Women and children
Despite all the signs of cultural vitality in the three Islamic empires, none of them
adopted the printing press or went through the sorts of cultural expansion associated with it in China and Europe
What was Constantinople's magnificent system?
circular walls and stone fortifications for defense
A woman who is a recognized spouse but of lower status than a wife.
concubine
a better understanding of _____ led to a redefinition of the proper response to a plague epidemic and allowed for leaving the city in search of clean air
contagion
A process whereby the sultan's agents swept the provinces for Christian youths to become slaves.
devshirme
the rulers of all three empires ....., at least among their Muslim subjects.
drew legitimacy from their support for Islam
Because succession to the throne was open to all the sultan's sons,
fratricide often resulted upon his death, and the losers were blinded or executed.
Thanks to the use of this technology(gunpowder), the Ottomans did what?
gained control of shipping in the eastern Mediterranean, eliminated the Portuguese from the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf, and supported Andalusian and North African Muslims in their fight against the Christian reconquest of Muslim Spain
Turkish for "recruits"; they formed the elite army corps.
janissaries
Surviving ______ and _______ _______ have allowed scholars to reconstruct the expanding trading networks of the Armenian merchants—
letters and account books
In the field of astronomy, Takiyuddin Mehmet, who served as the sultan's chief astronomer, built an
observatory at Istanbul
In all three empires strong rulers built capital cities and imperial palaces as visible expressions
of dynastic majesty
All authority flowed from the sultan to his public servants:
provincial governors, police officers, military generals, heads of treasuries, and viziers.
The native Indian troops who were trained as infantrymen
sepoys
Persian word for "king."
shah
They faced some common problems—
succession difficulties, financial strain, and loss of military superiority
Britain's presence in India began with __________________ and its desire to _________
the British East India Company; profit from trade
After the decline of the Mongol Empire in the mid-fourteenth century, powerful new Islamic states emerged in south and west Eurasia, what were they?
the Ottoman Empire, centered in Anatolia; the Safavid Empire in Persia; and the Mughal Empire in India
Taj Mahal had four water channels symbolizing...
the four rivers of paradise
The strength of the early Safavid state rested on three crucial features
the loyalty and military support of Turkish Sufis known as Qizilbash the Safavid state utilized the skills of urban bureaucrats and made them an essential part of the civil machinery of government strength was the Shi'a faith
In return for their services to the sultan, what did they do?
they held landed estates for the duration of their lives
Suleiman even made it a practice to marry his daughters to ...
top-ranking slave-officials
The government, however, rarely interfered in the life of ________
village communities
The dutch formed the dutch east india company with the stated goal of...
wresting the enormously lucratice spice trade from the portuguese
