Chapter 20: Population and Urbanization, Chapter 22: Social Change and the Environment

What are the four threats to G7?

(1) A bitter intrafamilial feud between Russia and the West. (2) The growing global power and influence of China. (3) The resurgence of ethnic rivalries and conflicts. (4) Smoldering embers of the Cold War.

How did the development of the automobile affect courtship customs and sexual norms?

By the 1920s, the automobile was used extensively for dating. It removed young people from the watchful eye of parents. Couples parked their cars along country lanes at night. Two cars—the Jewett and the Nash—even came equipped with foldout beds. By the 1960s, about 40 percent of marriage proposals took place in cars.

Scientists concur on two things about climate change: (1) the world's climate is changing, and (2) human activity is part of the change. Give two examples of why there is disagreement beyond those two points.

Scientists predict the future using computer models. The models predict that as carbon dioxide increases, so does global warming, which is what actually happened during the last part of the 1900s. However, disagreement occurs because, as one example, carbon dioxide has continued to increase even more in the years since then, but the rate of warming has slowed. As another example, while the polar ice caps at the Arctic have been shrinking, as feared, the polar ice caps at the Antarctic have been growing, even reaching record thickness.

__________ is the term sociologists use for a small, traditional, rural society. a. "Gemeinschaft" b. "Rapidly changing" c. "Gesellschaft" d. "Materialistic"

a. "Gemeinschaft"

The basic demographic equation can be stated as follows: __________. a. "growth rate equals births minus deaths plus net migration" b. "growth rate equals births plus deaths minus net migration" c. "growth rate equals births minus deaths minus net migration" d. "growth rate equals births plus deaths plus net migration"

a. "growth rate equals births minus deaths plus net migration"

In the concentric zone model of Burgess (1925), the main business area is in Zone __________. a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 5

a. 1

__________ is one of the three processes of social change identified by William Ogburn. a. Diffusion b. Cultural lag c. Dialectics d. A unilinear theory

a. Diffusion

__________ examines human impact on the environment—and the impact of the environment on humans. a. Environmental sociology b. Eco-sabotage c. Environmental justice d. Harmony

a. Environmental sociology

What is the author's position on the energy shortage? a. It doesn't exist. b. The energy shortage threatens life on our planet. c. The energy shortage is a good thing. d. At present, there is no energy shortage, but there will be one in a few years.

a. It doesn't exist.

The most rural state in the United States is __________. a. Maine b. California c. New York d. Michigan

a. Maine

__________ theories posit that different paths still end up in the same developmental phase. a. Multilinear b. Natural cycle c. Diffusion d. Unilinear

a. Multilinear

Terence is a sociology student who thinks the world's population will become too large to be supported by the amount of food that can be produced. Terence is a(n) __________. a. New Malthusian b. New Populist c. antiquarian d. anti-Malthusian

a. New Malthusian

The world's largest megacity is __________. a. Tokyo b. New York c. Mexico City d. Mumbai

a. Tokyo

From the multiple-nuclei model it appears that __________. a. a city resident might have to go a long way to find a particular good or service b. heavy manufacturing is excluded so that the model can reflect more residential areas c. the city has a single center d. there is no clustering of similar types of businesses

a. a city resident might have to go a long way to find a particular good or service

According to William Ogburn, __________ is a new way of seeing reality. a. discovery b. invention c. diffusion d. cultural lag

a. discovery

A city is a place in which a large number of people are permanently based and __________. a. do not produce their own food b. are engaged in producing all of their own food c. eat only the food they cook themselves d. do not cook their own food

a. do not produce their own food

One could say that, until recently, the Most Industrialized Nations have tried to __________. a. expand no matter what b. make sure the planet is still around for their children to benefit from it c. respect all forms of life d. put the environment first

a. expand no matter what

The three demographic variables that change the size of a population are __________. a. fertility, mortality, and net migration b. number of married couples, health status, and life goals c. fertility, mortality, and immigration d. fertility, mortality, and emigration

a. fertility, mortality, and net migration

Computer A records a deposit. It transfers the funds to Computer B, halfway across the world, in seconds. This is a simple example of how the international flow of money has become __________. a. harder to follow b. so regulated that the best way to transfer cash is in a suitcase c. easier to regulate d. much slower

a. harder to follow

In case he forgets to close his garage door when he leaves home, Darryl can now close it through his smart phone from wherever he is instead of having to run home to do so, which enables him to stay at work and avoid being seen negatively by his employer. This is an example of __________, which is the sociological significance of technology. a. how technology changes our way of life b. the work-life balance remaining the same c. advances in transportation d. people being easier to work with

a. how technology changes our way of life

Phones are an example of __________. a. invention b. discovery c. diffusion d. internal combustion

a. invention

Marriages became endangered by people __________. a. leaving home to work in factories b. purchasing cars c. coming back home from factories and offices to work at home d. securing the means of production

a. leaving home to work in factories

The __________ model shows how highways easily enable people and services to move from the center of the city to its outlying areas. a. peripheral b. multiple-nuclei c. radial d. sector

a. peripheral

Stages one and three of the demographic transition are similar in that, ultimately, __________. a. the number of births and deaths is about the same b. births far outnumber deaths c. births drop, and deaths become more or less balanced d. deaths outnumber births

a. the number of births and deaths is about the same

Traditional societies tend to look toward __________. a. the past b. the present c. the future d. nowhere in particular

a. the past

With __________, more and more people live in cities and have a greater effect on the culture itself. a. urbanization b. suburbanization c. urban decline d. gentrification

a. urbanization

Of the world's ten most polluted cities, seven are in __________. a. the United States b. China c. Japan d. Italy

b. China

Since the Earth is so productive, why do people today die of hunger? a. The Earth produces too little food. b. Food is not distributed adequately. c. Africa is overpopulated. d. The United States is overpopulated.

b. Food is not distributed adequately.

__________ occurs when the total population of a nation drops because more people die or otherwise leave than are born or are immigrating into the country. a. Population growth b. Population shrinkage c. Population stability d. Demography

b. Population shrinkage

__________ occurs when a bank has a policy of not loaning money in a certain area. a. Urban renewal b. Redlining c. Disinvestment d. Deindustrialization

b. Redlining

Of the following countries, in which do we find women giving birth to the fewest children? a. the United States b. Romania c. Chad d. Somalia

b. Romania

Yolanda lost her left foot during her military service, but she has been issued a prosthetic that enables her to walk normally, and if you didn't see this device, you wouldn't know that she was using it. This is an example of the way technology is a(n) __________ means of extending human abilities. a. official b. artificial c. natural d. superficial

b. artificial

The text says that in addition to the four social revolutions we have had, we may be entering a fifth prompted by __________. a. sports b. biotechnology c. the growing relevance of Africa d. Gesellschaft

b. biotechnology

The growth rate __________. a. by definition is always a positive number to indicate in what ways the population is growing b. can actually indicate the population is shrinking rather than growing c. ignores migration d. can be positive or negative, but not zero

b. can actually indicate the population is shrinking rather than growing

China sends a computer virus that shuts down telephone service in the United States. In retaliation, the United States hacks into China's power grid and causes blackouts throughout the provinces. This exemplifies how the United States __________. a. establishes military superiority b. can be both victim and perpetrator of cyberattacks c. places a low priority on cyberattack protection d. has nothing to fear from cyberattacks

b. can be both victim and perpetrator of cyberattacks

One reason it is difficult to forecast population growth is that __________. a. the mathematics are unsound b. changing policies artificially affect population growth c. no one agrees on what the basic demographic equation is d. birth and death statistics are not kept

b. changing policies artificially affect population growth

The sector model modified the concentric zone model by __________. a. excluding wholesale and light manufacturing b. cutting through concentric zones with wedge-shaped sections c. excluding lower-class residential areas d. including upper-class residential areas

b. cutting through concentric zones with wedge-shaped sections

Seymour and his group buried land mines in a forested area scheduled for clear-cutting by a developer intending to build a new multiplex theater; Seymour and his group were engaging in __________ a. environmental injustice b. eco-sabotage c. environmental sociology d. environmental justice

b. eco-sabotage

Sometimes a(n) __________ will pop up near the intersection of highways. This collection of services and housing units enables the people who use these areas—for living, shopping, and working—to feel connected to a sense of place. a. suburb b. edge city c. city d. megaregion

b. edge city

As the automobile pushed aside the former technology—horse and buggy—people thought that cars would __________. a. be a passing fad b. eliminate parking problems in cities because a car takes up less space than a horse and buggy c. always remain a rich person's toy d. make parking more difficult in cities because a car takes up more space than a horse and buggy

b. eliminate parking problems in cities because a car takes up less space than a horse and buggy

Production went from being home-bound to being __________. a. farm-bound b. factory-bound c. church-bound d. done while commuting

b. factory-bound

According to the principle of diffusion of responsibility, the __________ bystanders to an incident, the __________ likely people are to help. a. fewer; less b. fewer; more c. more; more d. better armed are the; more

b. fewer; more

The Predator airplane __________. a. is science fiction b. flies without a pilot on board c. has been outlawed by NATO d. has equivalents in several dozen countries around the world

b. flies without a pilot on board

Jim bought a foreclosed house in a rundown part of town. The price was a bargain. The place needed a great deal of fixing up, but it was located right smack in the middle of town. Others like him were also moving into the area and fixing up old houses. Jim was taking part in __________. a. building a suburb b. gentrification c. an edge city d. development of a megaregion

b. gentrification

Ten million or more people living in a city make it a(n) __________. a. evolved city b. megacity c. megaregion d. metropolitan statistical area (MSA)

b. megacity

When cities and their suburbs encircle an even larger city in the middle, that produces a(n) __________. a. megacity b. metropolis c. megaregion d. edge city

b. metropolis

Postmodern society is __________. a. reliant on obsolete technology b. postindustrial society c. preindustrial society d. a type of ideology

b. postindustrial society

Because of globalization, a social movement can easily __________. a. turn on itself b. spread from one country to another c. achieve all its goals d. become a local sensation

b. spread from one country to another

Marx's model of historical change viewed a thesis plus an antithesis as resulting in a(n) __________. a. classless state b. synthesis c. utopia d. state of permanent war

b. synthesis

The annual number of live births per 1,000 population is __________. a. fecundity b. the crude birth rate c. fertility d. the crude population rate

b. the crude birth rate

Felice, an Angolan woman, has six children, which is the average number of children women have in her country; she is thus exemplifying __________ of her nation. a. fecundity b. the fertility rate c. mortality d. the demographic transition

b. the fertility rate

One reason that people in the Least Industrialized Nations have so many children is that __________. a. they are irrational b. they—and their reproductive activities—are controlled by men c. nearly all of the children die young d. they are unaware that there is any alternative

b. they—and their reproductive activities—are controlled by men

The factory-dominated society brought about a new __________ capitalism. a. religion that despised b. way of thinking that praised c. morality to ameliorate the negative effects of d. worker-owned form of

b. way of thinking that praised

Yvette was a young wife in the 1920s. Her husband purchased an automobile, and Yvette learned to drive it. Suddenly, she could get to stores and social events a great distance away. This is an example of how, thanks to automobiles, women __________. a. became the heads of their households b. were freed from the narrow confines of their homes c. no longer ate canned goods d. became more conservative in their views

b. were freed from the narrow confines of their homes

At around the time of the birth of Jesus, there must have only been about __________ people in the world. a. 10,000 b. 55,000 c. 2 million d. 300 million

d. 300 million

Approximately how many cities with over a million residents does the world presently have? a. 3 b. 24 c. 151 d. 500

d. 500

How did the automobile change architecture? a. The parking area around malls shrunk. b. Apartments changed. c. Wheel designs were used on facades. d. Houses came to be built with attached garages.

d. Houses came to be built with attached garages.

__________ has to do with the way people are affected by the land and structures in their surroundings. a. Environmentalism b. The multiple-nuclei model c. Invasion-succession cycle d. Human ecology

d. Human ecology

The term "alienation" was coined by __________. a. Max Weber b. Herbert Gans c. Homer Hoyt d. Karl Marx

d. Karl Marx

__________ is the transformation of traditional societies into industrial societies. a. Social movement b. Gemeinschaft c. The third social revolution d. Modernization

d. Modernization

The U.S. state with the largest number of the worst hazardous waste sites is __________. a. Nevada b. Michigan c. California d. New Jersey

d. New Jersey

In which of the following countries do women give birth to the most children? a. Singapore b. the United States c. Greece d. Niger

d. Niger

__________ theories posit that, as it moves from a simpler society to a more complex one, every society must go through the same stages in the same order. a. Bilinear b. Trilinear c. Multilinear d. Unilinear

d. Unilinear

In traditional societies, people own __________. In industrialized societies, people own __________. a. a lot; a little b. a lot; a lot c. a little; a little d. a little; a lot

d. a little; a lot

Ogburn said that __________ occurs when human behavior does not keep up with technological innovations. a. social lag b. diffusion c. discovery d. cultural lag

d. cultural lag

The problem with acid rain is that it __________. a. creates flooding b. is depleting the world's finite supply of sulfuric and nitric acid c. is not as damp as regular rain d. destroys living things

d. destroys living things

How does migration tend to flow around the world? a. from the Most Industrialized Nations to the Least Industrialized Nations b. from the Global North to the Global South c. from West to East d. from nations with little industrialization to Most Industrialized Nations

d. from nations with little industrialization to Most Industrialized Nations

According to Marx's dialectical view of history, each ruling group __________. a. plants the seeds for its own growth b. is a synthesis c. represents a classless state d. generates what will ultimately cause it to fail

d. generates what will ultimately cause it to fail

Demography is the study of the size, composition, growth (or shrinkage), and distribution of __________. a. animal species b. culture c. sociologists d. human populations

d. human populations

In an exponential growth curve, growth will __________. a. incline gradually and then suddenly decline steeply b. triple during increasingly shorter time intervals and then abruptly level off c. triple during approximately equal time intervals and then suddenly accelerate steeply d. incline gradually and then suddenly steeply

d. incline gradually and then suddenly steeply

One of the reasons that China has about 30 million fewer females than males under the age of 20 is that __________. a. both female and male infanticide is on the rise b. girls are often not counted in official statistics c. "raising a boy is like watering someone else's plant" d. killing babies because they are female has not been uncommon

d. killing babies because they are female has not been uncommon

A sustainable environment __________. a. may not produce enough material goods for everyone's needs b. is easier to attain with the Least Industrialized Nations revving up their economic engines c. is so called because it can sustain much more pollution that the Earth does now d. leaves the next generation with a livable environment

d. leaves the next generation with a livable environment

When two metropolises and the suburbs of each are combined, a __________ exists. a. megatropolis b. regional supercenter c. mega-metropolitan area d. megalopolis

d. megalopolis

When megacities and heavily populated areas nearby come together into an ever greater mass of people, a(n) __________ is in place. a. edge city b. urban renewal c. de-urbanization d. megaregion

d. megaregion

In a traditional society, education is __________. a. nonexistent b. begun in the fourth decade of life c. begun in the third decade of life d. not formally structured

d. not formally structured

Whites moving back into city centers is __________. a. to be expected b. never going to happen c. predicted to occur in about 100 years d. occurring in surprising numbers

d. occurring in surprising numbers

Half of all of the Earth's plant and animal species live in __________. a. endangered cities b. the Arctic c. China d. rain forests

d. rain forests

In the invasion-succession model, one group of people tends to move in and __________ people from a different class or racial-ethnic group. a. welcome b. rent housing to c. intermarry with d. replace

d. replace

The crude death rate is __________. a. the total number of deaths in the population every year divided by the number of births b. the total number of deaths every ten years c. the same as the net death rate d. the annual number of deaths per 1,000 people in the population

d. the annual number of deaths per 1,000 people in the population

Suburbanization was enabled by __________. a. leaving home to work in factories b. changes in ideology c. international conflict d. the automobile

d. the automobile

Central to all evolutionary theories of societal change is the notion of cultural progress. Tribal societies are assumed to have a primitive form of human culture and to evolve toward a supposedly advanced and superior form found in the Western world. However, the evolutionary theories have now been rejected. Why?

Evolutionary theories have been rejected because (1) there is a growing appreciation of the rich diversity and complexity of tribal cultures, and (2) Western culture is in crisis, plagued by poverty, racism, sexual assaults, unsafe streets, a fragile banking system, war, and terrorism.

Sociologist William Flanagan (1990) suggested three principles of public sociology to apply to go beyond replacing old buildings with new ones to building community. What are they?

Flanagan suggested three guiding principles: (1) Scale—regional and national planning is necessary because there is too much squabbling and too few resources within local jurisdictions. (2) Livability—cities must be appealing and meet human needs, especially the need for community. (3) Social justice—social policy must be evaluated by how it affects people. The poor cannot be displaced and the homeless cannot be neglected in the process of "improving" things.

Which five types of urban dwellers did Gans (1968, 1991) identify?

Gans divided urban dwellers into five types: (1) cosmopolites, (2) singles, (3) ethnic villagers, (4) the deprived, and (5) the trapped. Gans's categories are interesting, but do not completely describe the people living in a city.

Since the 1990s, world hunger has dropped 40 percent. With the enormous population increase since the 1990s, how was this possible?

Improved seeds and fertilizers have made more food available for each person on Earth, despite the population increase.

Are the Anti-Malthusians optimistic about our future? What do they believe?

The Anti-Malthusians are certainly more optimistic about our future than the New Malthusians, although the Anti-Malthusians believe population shrinkage may be a serious problem. The Anti-Malthusians believe that we can glimpse the future accurately by looking at Europe's demographic transition. When the Least Industrialized Nations move into Stage 3, their populations will stabilize, just as Europe's did. In fact, their growth is already slowing.

Describe the historical development of cities

The city of Jericho was built as early as 7,000 years ago. Larger-scale cities appeared at about 3500 BC in Asia, West Africa, and Central and South America. Bulgaria had the oldest town in Europe about 6,500 years ago. In Norway, a 5,500-year-old city was recently discovered. Also discovered recently was Caral, the first city in the Americas. Cities developed when agriculture became more efficient. Only when farming produces a surplus can some people stop producing food and gather in cities to spend time in other economic pursuits. The invention of the plow 5,000 years ago created such a surplus. In the beginning, most cities were small. Today, the world has about 500 cities with over a million inhabitants.

What were the four social revolutions?

The first social revolution occurred when hunting and gathering societies became horticultural and pastoral societies. The second social revolution was the emergence of agricultural societies. The third social revolution was the Industrial Revolution. The fourth social revolution, still in progress, was stimulated by the invention of the microchip.

Each day on Earth, if you subtract the number of people who die that day from the number of people born that day, the planet has approximately __________ more people. a. 2,460 b. 24,600 c. 246,000 d. 2,460,000

c. 246,000

__________ is a graph that represents the age and sex of a population. a. Demography b. Fecundity c. A population pyramid d. The fertility rate

c. A population pyramid

The G7 has come to understand that the well-being of __________ is an essential component to worldwide stability. a. the United States b. Germany c. Africa d. Japan

c. Africa

__________ refers to how many children a woman is physically able to bear, which is recorded to be as high as thirty. a. Fertility b. The population pyramid c. Fecundity d. The crude birth rate

c. Fecundity

The triadic division of the planet since World War II emphasizes __________ in Europe. a. Italy b. France c. Germany d. Great Britain

c. Germany

__________ is the combining of existing elements and materials to form new ones. a. Discovery b. Diffusion c. Invention d. Infusion

c. Invention

How many stages does the demographic transition—as in Europe—have? a. One or two b. Two exactly c. Three or four d. Seven

c. Three or four

Which statement about computers in education today best reflects the author's assertion? a. The use of computers in education peaked some years ago and is declining. b. Communicating with others remains a weakness of computers. c. What we have experienced so far is just the tip of the iceberg. d. Computers are discouraged in preference to written materials.

c. What we have experienced so far is just the tip of the iceberg.

__________ refers to females who have just enough children to keep the population the same size. a. Slow population growth b. Negative population growth c. Zero population growth d. An inverted population pyramid

c. Zero population growth

Marx would say that when workers feel separate from the product of their labor, they experience __________. a. postmodern society b. social inequality c. alienation d. suburbanization

c. alienation

The net migration rate is the __________. a. difference between the number of people who want to leave and the number of people who actually do leave b. tip of the population pyramid c. difference between the number of people moving into a country and the number of people moving out of a country for every 1,000 people in the population d. measure of fecundity

c. difference between the number of people moving into a country and the number of people moving out of a country for every 1,000 people in the population

With ever-more powerful telescopes, scientists have been finding new galaxies. This is an example of __________. a. invention b. diffusion c. discovery d. cultural lag

c. discovery

The poor and minorities are harmed the most by environmental pollution; this is known as __________. a. environmental justice b. planetary injustice c. environmental injustice d. civil disobedience

c. environmental injustice

After an area undergoes the rebuilding process involved in urban renewal, the poor people already living in that area usually __________. a. find they have new job opportunities available there b. obtain improved housing there c. have to move away d. become obligated to stay for at least ten more years

c. have to move away

How people show off their material success depends upon __________. a. family relationships b. automobiles c. how advanced the technology is d. alienation

c. how advanced the technology is

The U.S. Census Bureau divides the United States into 274 __________. a. tax bases b. suburbs c. metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) d. substates

c. metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs)

What was a major option for workers who were not satisfied with the working environment before factories became a fact of life? a. having their children do the work b. firing the owners c. picking up their tools and leaving d. having their spouses take over

c. picking up their tools and leaving

A central assumption of cyclical theories is that civilizations are __________. a. like parts of a Gesellschaft b. obsolete c. similar to organisms d. antitheses

c. similar to organisms

The alteration of culture and societies over time is known as __________. a. modernization b. social movement c. social change d. G8

c. social change

In a traditional Gemeinschaft society, the divisions of labor between men and women are __________. a. flexible b. nonexistent c. strict d. determined by the shaman

c. strict

Right outside the city is a community known as a __________. a. megalopolis b. gentrified area c. suburb d. metropolis

c. suburb

In the process of __________, people move to the suburbs from the cities. a. urbanization b. gentrification c. suburbanization d. rural rebound

c. suburbanization

Max Weber believed that capitalism came from __________. a. changes in life expectancy b. increased religiosity c. the Protestant Reformation d. smaller family sizes

c. the Protestant Reformation