Chapter 21 A&PII

The normal respiratory rate of a resting adult ranges from ________ breaths each minute, or roughly one for every four heartbeats.

12 to 18

A hemoglobin molecule contains ________ globular protein subunits.

4 alpha

The larynx contains all of the following except

C- rings composed of hyaline cartilage.

How are hypoxia and anoxia different?

Hypoxia is low tissue oxygen levels; anoxia is the complete cutoff of oxygen supply.

Absorption of O2 from blood and release of CO2 from tissue cells is known as

internal respiration.

List the structures of the upper respiratory system

nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and pharynx

The glottis is

the opening to the larynx.

When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract,

the volume of the lungs decreases.

The right lung has ________; the left lung has ________.

three lobes; two lobes

The largest shield- shaped cartilage of the larynx is the ________ cartilage.

thyroid

The airway that connects the larynx to the bronchi is the

trachea

Trace the pathway of airflow along the passages of the lower respiratory tract

trachea — main bronchi — lobar bronchi — segmental bronchi — terminal bronchioles — pulmonary lobule

If a patient being tested inhales as deeply as possible and then exhales as much as possible, the volume of air expelled would be the patient's

vital capacity.

The auditory tubes open into the

nasopharynx.

What function do the C- shaped tracheal cartilages allow? (Module 21.5B)

Allow room for the esophagus to expand during swallowing.

The conchae

Fleshy lobes in the nasal cavity which increase its surface area

Define hypercapnia and hypocapnia

Hypercapnia is an abnormally high arterial PCO2. Hypocapnia is an abnormally low arterial PCO2.

________ is the amount of air that you can inhale above the resting tidal volume.

Inspiratory reserve volume

Name the lobes and fissures of each lung

The left lung is divided into a superior lobe and an inferior lobe by the oblique fissure. The right lung is divided into a superior lobe and middle lobe by the horizontal fissure, and the oblique fissure separates the superior and middle lobes from the inferior lobe.

Compare the two main bronchi. (Module 21.5A)

The right main bronchus is larger in diameter than the left main bronchus and it descends toward the lung at a steeper angle than the left main bronchus.

________ is the amount of air that moves into the respiratory system during a single respiratory cycle under resting conditions.

Tidal volume

At the level of the alveoli, where does gas exchange occur?

across the respiratory membrane

The sites of gas exchange within the lungs are

alveoli.

Asthma is

an acute condition resulting from unusually sensitive, irritated conducting airways.

The most superior portion of the lung is termed the

apex

If the fluid bond between the parietal and visceral pleura is broken and the lung collapses, the resulting condition is termed

atelectasis.

Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is

bound to hemoglobin.

The respiratory center is housed in the ________ of the brain.

brain stem

The most important chemical regulator of respiration is

carbon dioxide.

Higher brain centers that alter the activity of the respiratory centers include all of the following except the

cerebral cortex.

Functions of the nasal cavity include all of the following except

cooling the air.

Identify the primary inspiratory muscles

diaphragm and external intercostal muscles

The laryngeal cartilage composed of elastic cartilage that prevents entry of solids or liquids into the larynx when swallowing is the

epiglottis.

The amount of air that a person can voluntarily expel after completing a normal, quiet respiratory cycle is termed

expiratory reserve volume.

The lungs are divided into lobes by structures called

fissures

The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by the

hard palate.

Inhaling through the nostrils is preferred over the mouth because

it allows better conditioning of the inhaled air.

The vocal folds are located within the

larynx.

Which respiratory organ features a cardiac notch?

left lung

Secondary bronchi supply air to the

lobes of the lungs.

The trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli all make up the

lower respiratory tract.

Pulmonary ventilation refers to the

movement of air into and out of the lungs

Which of the following organs is not part of the lower respiratory system?

oropharynx

Which chemical factors in blood or cerebrospinal fluid stimulate the respiratory centers?

pH, PO2, and PCO2 concentrations

The common passageway shared by the respiratory and digestive systems is the

pharynx.

What branches from the trachea?

primary bronchi

During a choking episode, most foreign objects are more likely to become lodged in the ________ bronchus due to its larger diameter and steeper angle.

right primary

The nasopharynx is divided from the rest of the pharynx by the

soft palate

Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as

solute dissolved in the plasma.

Air traveling from the tertiary bronchi must pass through the ________ to reach the pulmonary lobule.

terminal bronchioles