Chapter 21: Blood

what is the average lifespan for a circulating red blood cell?

- 120 days

how many molecules of oxygen is each hemoglobin molecule able to carry?

- 4 molecules of oxygen

what are the three main functions of blood?

- Transportation (respiratory gases, nutrients, hormones, waste products etc.) - Regulation (body temp, pH, fluid levels) - Protection (destruction of pathogens, prevention of blood loss)

what are the general functions of lymphocytes?

- attack pathogens and abnormal/infected cells - coordinate immune cell activity - produce antibodies

how do the functions of basophils differ from those of lymphocytes?

- basophils release histamine and heparin during inflammatory or allergic reactions - lymphocytes produce antibodies and attack pathogens and abnormal/infected cells

Why do erythrocytes form into a rouleau while passing through capillaries?

- because it is a very small space and this alignment prevents blockage in the blood vessel

what are the general functions of monocytes?

- become macrophages in tissues once they leave bv's that... - phagocytize pathogens, dead cells, and debris

what is the shape of erythrocytes and how does this shape increase their efficiency?

- biconcave discs - lack nuclei and organelles - line up as a "rouleau" or heme group to pass through narrow blood vessels

what are the components of the buffy coat in blood?

- contains the leukocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes) - the Buffy coat is less than 1% of whole blood

among the small solutes of plasma, what are examples of these substances?

- electrolytes (Na+, K+, Ca++, Cl-, Fe+ etc.) - nutrients (amino acids, glucose, lipids, vitamins etc.) - respiratory gases (O2, CO2) - metabolic waste products (lactic acid, creatinine, ammonia, urea, bilirubin)

what does leukopoiesis lead to the formation of?

- formation of granulocytes and agranulocytes (eosinophil, basophil, neutrophil, monocyte, lymphocytes [ b-lymphocyte, t-lymphocyte, natural killer cell)

what does thrombopoiesis lead to the formation of?

- formation of platelets/thrombocytes

what is the function of erythrocytes and what is contained within them that allows them to carry out their function?

- function: transport oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the tissues and lungs - filled with hemaglobin which allows them to carry out this function

what is the difference between granulocytes and agranulocytes? what do they have in common?

- granulocytes have granules in their cytoplasm (include neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils) - agranulocytes have such small granules they are not easily seen (a=without) (include lymphocytes and monocytes) - they are both types of leukocytes

what cells in bone marrow produce platelets and what do these formed elements in the blood function for?

- megakaryocytes - participates in blood clotting

list the leukocytes from most abundant to least abundant

- neutrophils (50%-70%) - lymphocytes (20%-40%) - monocytes (2%-8%) - eosinophils (1%%-4%) - basophils (0.5%-1%) "Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas"

where do the oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules bind on hemoglobin?

- oxygen binds to iron (Fe++) group - carbon dioxide binds to globulin molecules/chains

what are the general functions of eosinophils?

- phagocytize allergens and parasitic worms

what are the general functions of neutrophils?

- phagocytize pathogens (especially bacteria)

after whole blood is centrifuged in a tube, what three layers are observed in the tube?

- plasma - buffy coat - whole blood components

how does blood help regulate body temperature?

- plasma absorbs and distributes heat throughout the body - if the body needs to be cooled blood vessels dilate and excess heat is dissipated through the dermis - if the body needs to conserve heat the blood vessels constrict and send the heated blood into the deeper tissues of the body

what is the difference between plasma and serum?

- plasma contains fibrinogen, serum does not as it is used up in the clotting process

in bone marrow what does erythropoiesis lead to the formation of?

- production of RBC/erythrocytes

what are the general functions of basophils?

- release histamine and heparin during inflammatory or allergic reactions

how are damaged RBC's removed from the blood? explain how their components are processed and recycled (the life cycle of blood)

- they are phagocytized in the liver and spleen by macrophages - some components are stored in other organs for recycling (iron ions and globin chains) - other components are excreted from the body (heme - converted into bilirubin and secreted from the liver in bile) - stored components are broken down into amino acids which can further be used to make new erythrocytes

what are globulins? what do they do?

- they are polypeptide chains surrounding a heme group - these are the molecules that CO2 binds to - the iron in the hens group is where O2 binds

what role do hemocytoblasts serve in bone marrow?

- they are the stem cells of all blood cells

what is another name for platelets?

- thrombocytes

how much, by percentage, does water, plasma proteins, and small solutes make up plasma, respectively?

- water = 92% - proteins = 7% - small solutes = 1%

in order from most abundant to least abundant, what are the four categories of plasma proteins in the blood and what functions do each of these proteins serve?

1. albumins - (carrier molecules [fatty acids and hormones]) 2. globulins - (carrier molecules & immunoglobulin/antibodies) 3. fibrinogen - (blood clotting) 4. regulatory proteins - (enzymes & hormones)

during the recycling of components following the normal destruction of erythrocytes, globin is broken down, and its components are: a. used to synthesize new proteins b. stored as iron in the liver c. eliminated from the body in the bile d. removed in the urine

a.

in the adult, the stem cells for leukocytes reside in the: a. bloodstream b. red bone marrow c. liver d. muscle

b.

the hematocrit is a measure of: a. water concentration in the plasma b. the percentage of formed elements in the blood c. the number of platelets in the blood d. antibody concentration in the plasma

b.

which cell forms platelets in the red bone marrow? a. lymphocyte b. megakaryocyte c. eosinophil d. reticulocyte

b.

which type of leukocyte increases during allergic reactions and parasitic worm infections? a. basophil b. eosinophil c. lymphocyte d. neutrophil

b.

oxygen attaches to a(n) _______________ ion in hemoglobin. a. calcium b. sodium c. iron d. potassium

c.

which of the following is not a characteristic of a mature erythrocyte? a. biconcave disc shape b. absence of organelles c. life span of about 12 months d. filled with hemoglobin

c.

the type of leukocyte that produces antibodies is a (an): a. eosinophil b. basophil c. t-lymphocyte d. b-lymphocyte

d.

which of the following is not a function of blood? a. prevention of fluid loss b. nutrient and waste transport c. maintenance of constant pH levels d. production of hormones

d.

what are the different types of leukocytes?

granulocytes - neutrophils - eosinophils - basophils agranulocytes - lymphocytes - monocytes

which of the leukocytes are granulocytes and which are agranulocytes?

granulocytes - neutrophils - eosinophils - basophils agranulocytes - lymphocytes - monocytes