Chapter 21: Immune System Mastering Anatomy

Place the following steps of phagocytosis in the order that they occur. 1. Endosome fuses with lysozome 2. Dendritic cell engulfs Rhinovirus 3. Epitopes are attached to MHC-II 4. Digestion of the Rhinovirus 5. MHC-II plus the attached epitope move to the outside of the dendritic cell A. 2,4,1,3,5 B. 2,1,3,4,5 C. 2,1,4,3,5 D. 1,2,4,3,5

C. 2,1,4,3,5

Which of the following statements is true? A. innate defenses are enough to keep a person healthy B. adaptive defenses include humoral immunity only C. adaptive defenses include both humoral and cellular immunity D. memory B cells are typically established when the B cell binds to an antigen

C. adaptive defenses include both humoral and cellular immunity

Which of the following types of cells display protein fragments produced by the cancer within them? A. dendritic cells B. macrophages C. all nucleated cells D. B cells

C. all nucleated cells Nucleated body cells bring pieces of endogenous protein to the surface to display on the MHC protein.

All of the following are true of the classical pathway of complement activation except one. Select the one answer that does not describe the classical pathway of complement activation. A. it requires that circulating antibodies are bound to antigens B. classical activation will result in enhanced inflammation, opsonization as well as formation of MAC proteins C. it activates T-helper cells by presenting antigen to them D. it is an example of overlap between innate and adaptive immune function

C. it activates T-helper cells by presenting antigen to them

Health workers working with diphtheria commonly receive a serum with antibodies against the pathogen. What type of immunity would this be? A. passive, natural immunity B. active, natural immunity C. passive, artificial immunity D. active, artificial immunity

C. passive, artificial immunity Passive immunities are conferred when antibodies are given to an individual. Artificially acquired immunity occurs when humans intervene to confer immunity

All but one of the following occur during the inflammatory response. Select the example below that does NOT describe the process of inflammation A. chemotaxis draws leukocytes to the site of injury B. increases capillary permeability C. vasoconstriction will prevent excessive blood loss due to injury D. release of prostaglandins resulting in pain

C. vasoconstriction will prevent excessive blood loss due to injury

regulatory t cell

slows or stops the immune response

IgD

along with IgM, this is a B cell receptor

IgM

first to peak during a primary immune response

IgE

involved in allergies

Which of these statements is incorrect? A. After becoming immunocompetent, the naive T cells and B cells are exported to the bone marrow where the encounters with antigens occur B. The lymphoid organs where lymphocytes become immunocompetent are called primary lymph organs. All other lymphoid organs are referred to as secondary lymphoid organs C. It is our genes, not antigens, that determine what specific foreign substances our immune system will be able to recognize and resist D. T cells and B cells become activated when they bind with recognized antigens

A. After becoming immunocompetent, the naive T cells and B cells are exported to the bone marrow where the encounters with antigens occur

Overlap in the innate and adaptive immune system is seen in all of the following examples but one. Which of the following examples does NOT illustrate the overlap of innate and adaptive immune responses? A. NK cells causing apoptosis of an abnormal host cell, lacking MHC protiens B. Macrophages becoming activated macrophages in response to cytokines released by T-helper cells C. Dendritic cells presenting antigens on their MHC II proteins to T-helper cells D. Plasma cells that produce large amounts of IgE that will ultimately allow mast cells to release histamine

A. NK cells causing apoptosis of an abnormal host cell, lacking MHC proteins

Which class of MHC proteins presents exogenous antigens? A. class II MHC proteins B. class I MCH proteins

A. class II MHC proteins Class II MHC proteins present antigens that originated from outside the cell

IgA

protects muscosal barriers

Class I MHC proteins are recognized by which of the following cell types (that are destined to become T cells)? A. CD4 B. CD8

B. CD8

Which major class of lymphocytes become cytotoxic T cells? A. CD6 cells B. CD8 cells C. CD4 cells

B. CD8 cells

Class II MHC proteins are found on which of the following cell types? A. all nucleated cells B. antigen-presenting cells

B. antigen presenting cells

Which of the following are NOT correctly matched? A. AIDS: helper T cells are destroyed by a virus B. immediate hypersensitivity: allergic contact dermatitis C. severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID): genetic defect resulting in a shortage of B and/or T cells D. Multiple sclerosis: autoimmune disorder

B. immediate hypersensitivity: allergic contact dermatitis Allergic contact dermatitis is a delayed hypersensitivity response

helper T cell

absence results in no immune response influences the differentiation or activity of other cells in the immune system

memory cells

enables quick and efficient response to secondary exposure to antigen

cytotoxic t cell

kills cancer cells and virus infected body cells

IgG

main antibody of both primary and secondary immune response

Allergens differ from antigens because.... A. allergens produce an abnormally large immune response to what is an otherwise harmless particle B allergens are primarily plant derived while antigens are bacterial or viral in nature C. allergens are only active seasonally and are generally harmless to the body D. allergens do not involve the leukocytes, they simply stimulate the inflammatory response

A. allergens produce an abnormally large immune response to what is an otherwise harmless particle

What is meant by the clonal expansion of a B cell? A. an activated B cell divides into cells that give rise to memory B cells and plasma cells B. An activated B cell will immediately begin to produce antibodies C. An activated B cell will engulf and digest anything foreign D. An activated B cell will kill infected host cells

A. an activated B cell divides into cells that give rise to memory B cells and plasma cells The activated B cell divides until there are many clones. Some differentiate into memory cells, others become plasma cells that produce and secrete antibodies

A class I MHC protein presents an antigen. What type of cell is likely presenting and to what type of cell would it be presented? A. any nucleated cell would be presented to a CD8 cell B. Any nucleated cell would be presented to a CD4 cell C. an antigen-presenting cell would be presented to a CD4 cell D. An antigen-presenting cell would be presented to a T helper cell

A. any nucleated cell would be presented to a CD8 cell MHC I proteins are found on all nucleated cells except for antigen-presenting cell. MHC I cells present to CD8 cells, which become cytotoxic T cells when activated.

Which of the following statements is incorrect? A. class II MHC molecules appear only on the surface of antigen-presenting cells, thymic cells, and T cells that have been activated by exposure to antigens B. Haptens lack immunogenicity unless attached to protein carriers C. MHC proteins are the cell's identity markers D. Class I MHC molecules are built into the plasma membranes of almost all body cells

A. class II MHC molecules appear only on the surface of antigen-presenting cells, thymic cells, and T cells that have been activated by exposure to antigens

Correctly order the steps involved in cellular immunity: 1. the Tc recognizes the infected host cell 2. the Tc interacts with epitope presented by MHC-1 on the dendritic cell 3. the Tc secretes perforin and granzyme, causing apoptosis 4. the helper T cell activated the Tc cell A. 1,2,4,3 B. 2,4,1,3 C. 2,1,3,4 D. 4,2,1,3

B. 2,4,1,3

Where does most exogenous antigen presentation take place? A. in lymphoid tissues and organs B. in the bone marrow C. in the thymus D. in blood plasma

A. in lymphoid tissues and organs Most exogenous antigen presentation to T cells occurs in lymphoid tissues and organs located throughout the body, to which it is transported by dendritic cells

What is the role of helper T cells in the adaptive immune response? A. Helper T cells phagocytize bacteria and viruses B. Helper T cells activate B cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes to kill infected host cells C. Helper T cells directly kill infected host cells D. Helper T cells produce and secrete antibodies

B. Helper T cells activate B cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes to kill infected host cells Helper T cells activate B cells that are displaying antigens, causing clonal expansion. Helper T cells also activate cytotoxic T cells, which will search for and destroy infected host cells

A physician order Tylenol for a temp greater than 101 degrees F. The patient's temp is 100.4 F. What is the rationale for not medicating a fever of 100.4F? A. A mild or moderate fever should also be medicated, as a fever is not good for the functioning of the body B. A mild or moderate fever results in the liver and spleen sequestering iron and zinc. Bacteria need large amounts of zine and iron to multiply, thus this action limits pathogens ability to multiply C. A mild or moderate fever allows the person to sweat out the infecting agent, thus helping the body recover faster D. A mild or moderate fever interferes with the multiplication of pathogens and with the person's immune cells' ability to fight the pathogen; however, pathogens are affected to a greater extent than the immune cells

B. a mild or moderate fever results in the liver and spleen sequestering iron and zinc. Bacteria need large amounts of zinc and iron to multiply, thus this action limits the pathogens ability to multiply

Choose the best description of an antigen A. a chemical that enhances or modifies immune response B. a particle that triggers the adaptive immunity C. a particle (typically a foreign protein) that triggers inflammation D. part or a piece of a disease or pathogen

B. a particle that triggers the adaptive immunity

Which of the following is NOT a step that ultimately leads to antibody production? A. differentiation of plasma cells B. activation of cytotoxic T cells by helper T cells C. naive B cells conducting surveillance for foreign epitopes D. activation of helper T cells by dendritic cells

B. activation of cytotoxic T cells by helper T cells The activation of cytotoxic T cells leads down the path of cell-mediated immunity

Which of the following is NOT a chemical barrier that helps prevent infections? A. urine B. pH of the blood C. tears D. mucus

B. pH of the blood Although the blood is usually sterile, the slightly alkaline pH does not prohibit pathogen growth.

Binding of an eosinophil to an antibody-coated parasitic worm involves binding of the antibody's stem region to a(n)..... A. antigen-binding site on the eosinophil plasma membrane B. plasma membrane protein on the eosinophil's surface C. plasma membrane protein on the worm's surface D. antigen-binding site on a worm cell's plasma membrane

B. plasma membrane protein on the eosinophil's surface

Which of the following is NOT a step used by cytotoxic T cells to kill infected host cells? A. secretion of granzyme B. recognition of infected host cell using its CD4 glycoprotein C. secretion of perforin D. recognition of infected host cell using its TCR

B. recognition of infected host cell using its CD4 glycoprotein. The cytotoxic T cell uses its CD8 glycoprotein to bind to the MCH-I of an infected host cell

A vaccine is effective because ......... A. the vaccine contains the antibodies necessary to fight infection B. the secondary response of the adaptive immunity is faster and more efficient than primary response C. the vaccine contains the lymphocytes necessary to fight infection D. B-lymphocytes are unable to mount an immune response the first time they are exposed to a new pathogen

B. the secondary response of the adaptive immunity is faster and more efficient than primary response

Which statement is true about T cells? A. once activated, they cannot secrete cytokines B. Their proliferation is enhanced by interleukins 1 and 2 C. they will develop into cytotoxic T cells if antigen is complexed with class II MHC proteins D. they usually directly recognize antigens, which then activates a subpopulation of killer cells

B. their proliferation is enhanced by interleukins 1 and 2

Which pair of molecules do NOT directly interact with one another? A. CD8 and MHC-I B. CD4 and MHC-II C. BCR and TCR D. BCR and epitope

C. BCR and TCR Both of these molecules interact with epitopes. BCRs interact with epitopes on the whole pathogen. TCRs interact with processed epitopes when presented on MHC-II.

Which of the following does NOT describe actions of interferon (IFN)? A. IFN will attract macrophages to the secreting cell to be removed by phagocytosis B. IFN binds to normal, uninfected cells stimulating the activation of genes that produce anti-viral proteins C. IFN can penetrate the viral capsid and destroy the virus D. Virally infected cells can release interferon which attracted NK cells to attack and kill the IFN secreting cell

C. IFN can penetrate the viral capsid and destroy the virus

The student who caught the cold caused by this specific Rhinovirus was exposed to the exact same Rhinovirus 18 months later. What component of the immune system will protect her from getting the same cold again? A. dendritic cells B. plasma cells C. memory B cells D. antibodies that are "left over" from the last infection

C. memory B cells Memory cells to that specific virus are stored in the lymph nodes for many years. When the student comes into contact with this specific Rhinovirus, these memory cells quickly divide and differentiate into antibody-producing plasma cells. The antibodies will prevent the virus from reaching an infectious titer (number that causes infection).

Select the best description of the negative selection process of lymphocyte maturation A. removal of lymphocytes that fail to recognize "self" cells B. teaching a lymphocyte to recognize "self" from foreign antigens C. removal of lymphocytes that react with "self" cells D. allowing the survival of lymphocytes that cannot bind to MHC proteins

C. removal of lymphocytes that react with "self" cells

What class of antibody acts to clump red blood cells because of a transfusion of mismatched blood? A. IgA B. IgD C. IgG D. IgM

D. IgM IgM is the only antibody that forms a pentamer; it is found in circulating plasma. It is responsible for the negative reaction to an incompatible ABO blood type during a transfusion.

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism for the development of autoimmune disorders? A. mutation followed by the appearance of membrane proteins not previously present B. exposure of previously "hidden" self-antigens to the adaptive immune system C. cross-reaction of antibiotics formed against foreign antigens with self-antigens D. a second exposure to an allergen

D. a second exposure to an allergen

How does a lymphocyte exhibit immunocompetence? A. by recognizing self-antigens B. by being relatively unresponsive to self-antigens so that they do not attack the body's own cells C. by rapidly proliferating to form an army of cells exactly like themselves and bearing the same antigen-specific receptors D. by being able to recognize their own specific antigen

D. by being able to recognize their one specific antigen

A person who has AIDS contracts rare and often life-threatening infections because their helper T cell count is so low. Which of the following components of the immune response still respond to antigens despite the low helper T cell count? A. activation of cytotoxic T cells B. clonal expansion and antibody production C. apoptosis of infected host cells D. clonal selection of B cells

D. clonal selection of B cells B cells can still bind to antigens, which is the process of clonal selection. However, without a helper T cell, clonal expansion and antibody production will not occur

B cell

forms antibody producing cells