Chapter 21: Special Senses

gustatory pathway

1. From the taste buds, impulses propagate along 3 cranial nerves to the gustatory nucleus in the medulla oblongata. 2.From there, some axons carrying taste signals project to the limbic system and the hypothalamus; others project to the thalamus. 3.Signals that project from the thalamus to the primary gustatory are in the parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex give us the perception of taste.

visual pathways that lead to visual perception

1. Optic nerve- impulses travel out of the eyeball through the optic nerve 2. Optic chiasm- half of the axons from each eye cross to the opposite side of the brain 3. Optic tract- axons from the optic tract synapse on neurons in the thalamus. These neurons project to the primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe. 4. Primary visual area in occipital lobe of cerebral cortex- receives input from both eyes, because of the crossing in the optic chiasm the following occurs: left side of brain interprets visual information from the right side of an object. Right side of the brain interprets visual information from the left side of an object.

Olfactory pathway

1.On each side of the nose there are unmeylinated axons of olfactory receptor cells. They extend through the olfactory foramina in the cribriform plate. These bundles form the left and right olfactory I nerves. 2.The olfactory nerves terminate in the brain in paired masses of gray matter called olfactory bulbs. 3.With in the olfactory bulbs the axon terminals from the olfactory receptor cells form synapses with dendrites and cell bodies of neurons in the olfactory pathway 4.Axons of olfactory bulbs extend posteriorly to form the olfactory tract. 5.Some axons of the olfactory tract project to the primary olfactory area. 6.Other axons of the tract project to the limbic system and hypothalamus. 7.From the primary olfactory area pathways extend to the frontal lobe the orbitofrontal area (odor identification)

eye lids; space; eyeball; sebaceous; sudoriferous glands; transparent; eye; lines inside; eyelids; sclera

6 accessory structures of the eye: Eyebrows/eyelashes Palpebrae- scientific name for _____ ____ Palpebral fissure - _____ between upper and lower eyelids, expose the _______. Lacrimal caruncle - contains _______ and _______ ____ Conjunctiva- _______ membrane that covers the ___ -----Palpebral membrane- that _____ ______ of ______ -----Bulbar membrane- that lines the _____

Conjunctiva Bulba and Conjunctiva Palpebral

Accessory structures of the eye: What are two parts of the conjuctiva?

olfactory epithelium

An area of 10-100 million receptors for the sense of smell

basal cells; supporting cells; gustatory receptor cells; tastents

Cell types present in taste buds: _____ __ produce _______ ___ then differentiate to _________ ____ ___- detect ________

sound waves; outer; middle; cochlea; ear wax; otitis media; tympanic membrane perforation

Conduction Deafness: •Problem conducting ______ _______ through _____ or _____ ear to ______ -Build-up of ___ ____ -______ _____ -__________ _______ ________

coiled sheet; epithelial cells; supporting cells; hair cells; hearing; receptor potentials; nerve impulses; hearing

Describe the Organ of Corti. What is its purpose? Organ of corti is a ______ ______ of ________ ___,including ________ ___ and about 16,000 ____ ___ which are the receptors for ______. The hair cells in the organ of corti produce ________ ________, which elict ______ _______ in the cochlear branch of the VIII nerve. "Organ of _______"

macular degeneration

Deterioration of macula lutea. Causes damage to photoreceptors and pigmented layer of retina. Causes loss to your straight ahead vision.

No, the filliform papillae do not and the taste buds in the foliate papillae degenerate in early childhood.

Do all papillae contain taste buds?

body position; rotational acceleration; deceleration; semicircular ducts

Equilibrium Dynamic equilibrium: - maintenance of ____ ________ in response to __________ _________ or ________ - Receptors are located in the _________ ____

body position ; force; gravity; movements; receptors; tiliting; linear acceleration; deceleration; utricle; saccule

Equilibrium Static equilibrium: - maintenance of ____ _________ (head) relative to the ____ of _____ - ______ that stimulate the _______ include ____ the head and ______ _________ or __________ - Receptors are located in the ______ and _______

physiological; orbital structures; tear; drainage

The lacrimal apparatus is the ________ system containing the ______ ________ for ____ production and _________.

changing shape; focal distance; focus; distances; sharp; retina

The lens, by _______ _____, functions to change the _____ _______ of the eye so that it can ____ on objects at various ________, thus allowing a ______ real image of the object of interest to be formed on the ____

bright light; color vision

Functions of cones: -_____ _____ stimulates cones -produce ____ _____

Dim light; black; white; gray

Functions of rods: -allow us to see in _____ ______ -provide _____ and ______ and all shades of _____ in between

intraocular pressure; aqueous humor; peripheral

Glaucoma: results when ________ _______ increases (usually due to a buildup of ________ _____). Causes Loss of _______ vision

cranial nerves; medulla oblongata; thalamus; primary gustatory; parietal lobe

Gustatory Pathway: • 1st order neurons extend through _______ _____ to the _______ ______ • 2nd order neurons extend to ______ • 3rd order neurons extend to _______ ________ area in _______ ____

5 centimeters^2

How big is the olfactory epithelium?

epithelial sacs; tubes; general form; receptors; equilibrium; hearing

How does the bony labyrinth relate to the membranous labyrinth? It has ________ ___, and _____ inside the bony labyrinth that have the same _______ _____ as the bony labyrinth and house _______ for ___________ and _____

parasympathetic; bright light; circular; contract; less light; sympathetic; dim light; radial; contract; more light

How does the iris determine the amount of light entering the pupil? ____________ neurons cause pupils to constrict in _____ _____ as _______ muscles of iris ________, allowing ____ ______ in. ________ neurons cause pupil to dilate in ___ ______ as ______ muscles _____, letting ____ _____ in.

Derived from plasma

How is aqueous humor produced?

form; support; eyelids; secretions; eyelids; sticking together; fluid loss

INTERNAL EYE ANATOMY: Tarsal plates-gives ____ and ______ of ______ Meibomian glands- produce ______ that prevents _____ from _______ ____ and _____ ___

Bony labyrinth, membranous labyrinth

Identify the ear anatomy discussed in lecture: 2 divisions apart of the inner ear?

incus, malleus, stapes

Identify the ear anatomy discussed in lecture: 3 things apart of the middle ear?

Auricle, External Auditory Canal, Ceruminous glands, tympanic membrane

Identify the ear anatomy discussed in lecture: 4 things apart of the External Ear?

Semicircular Canals, Vestibule Cochlea

Inner ear: The bony labyrinth is divided into what three structures/regions?

Semicircular Ducts, Utricle and saccule, Cochlear duct

Inner ear: The membranous labryinth is divided into what three structures/regions

Lacrimal glands; Lacrimal ducts; Superior; inferior lacimal canaliculi; Lacrimal sac; Nasolacrimal duct; nasal cavity

LACRIMAL APPARATUS FLOW OF TEARS: _______ _____ secretes tears into.... ______ ___ which distributes tears over suface of eyeball... ______ or _______ ______ ________ drain tears into.... ______ ___ which drains tears into....... ________ ____ which drains tears into _______ _____

Tarsal plates, Meibomian glands

Name the 2 structures of the internal eye.

Eyebrows, eyelashes, Palpebrae, Palpebral fissure, Lacrimal caruncle, Conjunctiva

Name the 6 accessory structures of the eye.

unmeylinated axons; olfactory receptor; olfactory foramina; bundles; olfactory I nerves; terminate; brain; gray matter; olfactory bulbs

Olfactory pathway: 1.On each side of the nose there are _________ ______ of ________ _______ cells. They extend through the ______ ______ in the cribriform plate. These ______ form the left and right _______ _ _______. 2.The olfactory nerves _______ in the _______ in paired masses of _____ _____ called _______ _______. 3.With in the olfactory bulbs the axon terminals from the olfactory receptor cells form synapses with dendrites and cell bodies of neurons in the olfactory pathway 4.Axons of olfactory bulbs extend posteriorly to form the olfactory tract. 5.Some axons of the olfactory tract project to the primary olfactory area. 6.Other axons of the tract project to the limbic system and hypothalamus. 7.From the primary olfactory area pathways extend to the frontal lobe the orbitofrontal area (odor identification)

axons; limbic system; hypothalamus; pathways; frontal; orbitofrontal area

Olfactory pathway: 1.On each side of the nose there are unmeylinated axons of olfactory receptor cells. They extend through the olfactory foramina in the cribriform plate. These bundles form the left and right olfactory I nerves. 2.The olfactory nerves terminate in the brain in paired masses of gray matter called olfactory bulbs. 3.With in the olfactory bulbs the axon terminals from the olfactory receptor cells form synapses with dendrites and cell bodies of neurons in the olfactory pathway 4.Axons of olfactory bulbs extend posteriorly to form the olfactory tract. 5.Some axons of the olfactory tract project to the primary olfactory area. 6.Other _____ of the tract project to the _____ _______ and _________. 7.From the primary olfactory area _______ extend to the ______ lobe the _______ _________ (odor identification)

Axon terminals; olfactory receptor; synapses; neurons; axons; posteriorly; olfactory tract; axons; primary olfactory area

Olfactory pathway: 1.On each side of the nose there are unmeylinated axons of olfactory receptor cells. They extend through the olfactory foramina in the cribriform plate. These bundles form the left and right olfactory I nerves. 2.The olfactory nerves terminate in the brain in paired masses of gray matter called olfactory bulbs. 3.Within the olfactory bulbs the ______ ________ from the ________ ______ cells form _______ with dendrites and cell bodies of _______ in the olfactory pathway 4._____ of olfactory bulbs extend ________ to form the ________ _____. 5.Some _____ of the olfactory tract project to the ________ _______ ______. 6.Other axons of the tract project to the limbic system and hypothalamus. 7.From the primary olfactory area pathways extend to the frontal lobe the orbitofrontal area (odor identification)

vitreous body

Produced by cells in the non-pigmented portion of the ciliary body is the clear gel that fills the space between the lens and the retina of the eyeball of.

sensory receptor cells, macula lutea, fovea centralis

Retina Three distinct layers of retinal neurons : 3 things apart of photoreceptor layer?

primary sensory neurons

Retina Three distinct layers of retinal neurons : Ganglion cell layer- _______ _____ _____; axons converge at optic disc, → optic nerve (II)

Rods; cones; center; retina; concentration; cones; color

Retina Three distinct layers of retinal neurons : Photoreceptor layer- sensory receptor cells: __ and ____ macula lutea- _____ of posterior portion of the _____ fovea centralis: ________ of _____ → high visual acuity and _____ vision

Bipolar cell layer

Retina Three distinct layers of retinal neurons : neurons involved in visual processing

Bipolar cell layer, Ganglion cell layer, Photoreceptor layer

Retina: Three layers of retinal neurons?

Neural sensory layer

Retina: a multilayered outgrowth of the brain that process visual data extensively before sending nerve impulses to the optic II nerve. Three distinct layers of retinal neurons

Pigmented layer

Retina: sheet of melanin containing epithelial cells. Melanin in the pigmented layer helps absorb stray light rays

hair cells, vestibulocochlear nerve; loop diuretics; genetics; loud noises

Sensorineural Deafness: •Problem with _____ _____, _________ ________, auditory processing centers -______ ______, aspirin -______ -Repeated exposure to _____ _____

tastants

Sensory receptors detect chemicals called what?

forms; shape; eye; protection; point of attachment; muscles; light; eye

Structures of fibrous tunic and their functions: Sclera- _____ the ____ of the ____, provides ____ and serves as the ______ of _______ for ______. Cornea- Allows _____ to enter the ___.

light; lens; focused; convert; neural signals; brain; visual recognition; melanin; absorb; light rays; visual data

Structures of the nervous tunic (retina) & their functions: Retina- is to receive ____ that the ____ has _______, to _______ the light into ______ _______, and send these signals on to the _____ for _____ ________ Pigmented & neural layers- ______ in pigmented layer helps _____ stray _____ ____, neural layer processes ______ ______

cornea; crystalline lens; pressure; inflate; nutrition; central cornea; lens

The aqueous humour is the watery fluid between the _____ and the ________ ____. It maintains the ______ needed to _______ the eye and provides _______ for the _______ ______ and ____ as they do not have their own blood supply.

Equilibrium Static equilibrium

- maintenance of body position (head) relative to the force of gravity - Movements that stimulate the receptors include tilting the head and linear acceleration or deceleration - Receptors are located in the utricle and saccule

Equilibrium Dynamic equilibrium

- maintenance of body position in response to rotational acceleration or deceleration - Receptors are located in the semicircular ducts

olfactory epithelium

The superior part of the nasal cavity. it covers the inferior surface of the cribriform plate and extends down the superior nasal concha. This is where what is located?

Static equilibrium and Dynamic equilibrium

Two different types of Equilibrium?

Rods photoreceptors

Used in dim light - 120 x 106 /eye

cells; non pigmented; cilary body; clear gel; space; lens; retina

Vitreous bods: Produced by ____ in the ___ _______ portion of the ______ _____ is the ____ _____ that fills the _____ between the ____ and the ______ of the eyeball of.

Primary olfactory area

WHERE does perception of smell occur?

Fibrous tunic (outer layer), Vascular tunic (middle layer), Retina or Nervous tunic (inner layer)

What are the 3 layers of the eyeball wall?

Bitter, Salty, Sour, Sweet, Umami

What are the 5 primary tastes?

Filliform papilla, Foliate papilla, Fungiform papilla, Vallate papilla

What are the four different types of papillae on the surface of the tongue?

Clean, protect and lubricate the eye

What are the functions of lacrimal fluid?

Basal cell, Gustatory receptor cell, Supporting cell

What cell types are present in taste buds?

tumor; cyst; eyelid; infection; meibomian glands

What is a chalazion? A _____ or _____ on the _____ caused by ________ of the _______ _____.

puss filled swelling; glands; eyelashes; infected

What is a stye? Painful, ___ ______ _______ that occurs when _____ associated with the ______ become _______.

Tympanic membrane

What is another name for the eardrum?

10-100 million; smell

What is olfactory epithelium? an area of __ -___ _______ receptors for the sense of ______

To house gustatory preceptors

What is the function of a taste bud?

Basal cells, Olfactory receptor cells, Supporting cells

What kind of cells are in the olfactory epithelium?

When the information gets to the cerebral cortex

When does the perception of smell occur?

Small trenches on the lateral margins of tongue.

Where are filliform papillae found?

The entire surface of the tongue.

Where are foliate papillae found?

Scattered over the entire surface of the tongue

Where are fungiform papillae found?

Spiral organ or organ of corti of cochlea

Where are hair cells for hearing found?

lacrimal apparatus

Where are tears produced?

Back of tongue

Where are vallatea papilla found?

superior; nasal cavity; inferior; cribriform plate; superior nasal concha

Where is the olfactory epithelium located? The ________ part of the _____ _____. it covers the _______ surface of the _______ ______ and extends down the ________ ______ ______.

Bony labyrinth; Membranous labyrinth

Where is the perilymph located? Where is the endolymph located?

cornea, sclera

Which structures make up the fibrous tunic?

Retina, Pigmented & neural layers

Which structures make up the nervous tunic (retina)?

ciliary body, choroid, iris

Which structures make up the vascular tunic?

The olfactory receptors interact with oderants

Why is olfaction considered a chemical sense?

olfaction

all special senses are routed through the the thalamus except what?

Ciliary processes; posterior chamber; iris; through; pupil; anterior chamber; eyeball; scleral venous sinuses; blood; 90

aqueous humor: Produced by ______ _______ FLOW- It flows into the ________ ______, around the _____, ______ the _____ to the ______ ________ out the ______ through ________ _____ ______ and into the ____. Replaced every __ min.

lens

by changing shape, functions to change the focal distance of the eye so that it can focus on objects at various distances, thus allowing a sharp real image of the object of interest to be formed on the retina

axons; taste signals; limbic system; hypothalamus; thalamus

gustatory pathway 1. From the taste buds, impulses propagate along 3 cranial nerves to the gustatory nucleus in the medulla oblongata. 2.From there, some ______ carrying _____ ______ project to the _____ ______ and the _________; others project to the _______. 3.Signals that project from the thalamus to the primary gustatory are in the parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex give us the perception of taste.

signals; thalamus; primary gustatory; parietal lobe; cerebral cortex; taste

gustatory pathway 1. From the taste buds, impulses propagate along 3 cranial nerves to the gustatory nucleus in the medulla oblongata. 2.From there, some axons carrying taste signals project to the limbic system and the hypothalamus; others project to the thalamus. 3._____ that project from the ________ to the _______ ______ are in the ______ ____ of the _______ ______ give us the perception of ____.

Taste buds; Facial VII; glossopharyngeal IX; Vagus X; gustatory nucleus

gustatory pathway: 1. From the ____ ____, impulses propagate along 3 cranial nerves(______ __ nerve, _________ __ nerve, _____ _ nerve) to the _______ ______ in the medulla oblongata. 2.From there, some axons carrying taste signals project to the limbic system and the hypothalamus; others project to the thalamus. 3.Signals that project from the thalamus to the primary gustatory are in the parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex give us the perception of taste.

Primary olfactory area

inferior and medial surface of temporal lobe... this is where what area belongs?

lacrimal apparatus

is the physiological system containing the orbital structures for tear production and drainage.

aqueous humour

is the watery fluid between the cornea and the crystalline lens. It maintains the pressure needed to inflate the eye and provides nutrition for the central cornea and lens as they do not have their own blood supply.

macula lutea; photoreceptors; pigmented layer; straight ahead

macular degeneration: Deterioration of _____ _____. Causes damage to ________ and _______ _____ of retina. Causes loss to your _____ _____ vision.

cerebral cortex

perception never occurs unless it makes it to what?

Glaucoma

results when intraocular pressure increases (usually due to a buildup of aqueous humor). Causes Loss of peripheral vision

nourish; retina; pigmented; scattering; alters shape; lens; near; far; regulates; light; eye; pupil

structures of the vascular tunic and their functions: Choroid- helps ______ the ______; highly _________ to prevent the _______ of light. -Ciliary body- ______ ______ of ___, adapting it for ____ or ___ vision -Iris- ______ the amount of ____ entering the ___ through the ______

Cones photoreceptors

used for color, Used in bright light - Color vision - 6 x 106 /eye

axons; optic tract synapse; neurons; thalamus; primary visual cortex; occipital; both eyes; crossing; left side; visual; right side

visual pathways that lead to visual perception: 1. Optic nerve- impulses travel out of the eyeball through the optic nerve 2. Optic chiasm- half of the axons from each eye cross to the opposite side of the brain 3. Optic tract- _____ from the _____ _____ _____ on ______ in the ________. These neurons project to the ______ _____ ______ in the _______ lobe. 4. Primary visual area in occipital lobe of cerebral cortex- receives input from _____ ___, because of the ______ in the optic chiasm the following occurs: ____ ____ of brain interprets ______ information from the right side of an object. ______ _____ of the brain interprets visual information from the left side of an object.

impulses; out; eyeball; optic nerve; half; axons; cross; opposite

visual pathways that lead to visual perception: 1. Optic nerve- ______ travel ____ of the ______ through the _____ _____ 2. Optic chiasm- ___ of the ______ from each eye cross to the ______ side of the brain 3. Optic tract- axons from the optic tract synapse on neurons in the thalamus. These neurons project to the primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe. 4. Primary visual area in occipital lobe of cerebral cortex- receives input from both eyes, because of the crossing in the optic chiasm the following occurs: left side of brain interprets visual information from the right side of an object. Right side

Conduction Deafness

•Problem conducting sound waves through outer or middle ear to cochlea -Build-up of ear wax -Otitis media -Tympanic membrane perforation

Sensorineural Deafness

•Problem with hair cells, vestibulocochlear nerve, auditory processing centers -Loop diuretics, aspirin -Genetics -Repeated exposure to loud noises