Chapter 21 Study gen lec

can easily be cloned from somatic cells

PLANTS

Pluripotent

may produce all cells ES cell

Stem cells that can give rise to all the cell types in the adult organism are said to be

totipotent

Upon infection of plant cells, Agrobacterium tumefaciens causes ______.

tumor growth

Considering a diploid cell, how many copies of a gene already present in the genome would be present immediately following gene addition (assume the cell has not progressed through the cell cycle)?

3

Which of the following would be an example of biodegradation?

A protein digested into individual amino acids

Which of the following describes a recombinant organism?

An E. coli cell that produces a protein from different bacteria.

Transgenic plants that express the pokeweed__________ protein are resistant to a variety of_________ pathogens.

Antiviral Viral

What technique to introduce genes into plant cells involves a "gene gun"?

Biolistic gene transfer

The use of living organisms or the materials they produce in the development of goods or processes that are beneficial to humans is called .

Biotechnology

What is the purpose of the cyanogen bromide (CNBr) in the manufacture of insulin by recombinant bacteria?

Cleaves the protein from the beta-galactosidase protein

A significant breakthrough in research in the use of stem cells for therapy was achieved in 1998 when two separate teams showed that

ES and EG cells can be propagated in the lab.

Why is it scientifically critical for scientists who use transgenic animals, study more than one line of animals that carry the transgene? A line of animals would be animals that were descendants of one independent injection of ES cells.

Each line may have different levels of expression of the transgene.

Place the steps to create a knockin mouse in order.

Gene of interest cloned Cloned DNA is injected into oocyte Homomlougous recombination oocyte is transplanted into uterus mouse with inserted gene develops

A transgenic plant can be made by the introduction of cloned__________ into somatic tissue, such as a leaf. The leaf is then treated with plant_________hormones, which can regenerate an entire transgenic plant.

Genes Growth

The Monsanto Company has produced transgenic plant strains tolerant of________which is a herbicide. The herbicide then kills_________but not the crop of interest.

Glyphospate Weeds

Two animals have been created by reproductive cloning. They each carry two copies of the transgene and are mated. Can they have offspring that do not carry the transgene?

It depends on which chromosomes the transgenes have integrated into.

Although there are many different genes that can contribute to cancer development there are two basic types of genes that are involved in deregulation of the cell cycle, which is a major hallmark of cancer. Oncogenes are genes that act in a dominant manner and experience a gain of function mutation to enhance cell's ability to divide. Tumor suppressors genes in general are recessive and mutations in tumor suppressor genes act as loss of function mutations to enhance a cell's ability to divide. Researchers have developed mouse models to study both types of genes. Of the list below which technique would be best suited for developing a mouse model for studying a tumor suppressor gene?

Knockout

Transgenic plants have been modified to produce vaccines against many animal diseases in which part of the plant?

Leaves

During somatic cloning, the________from a somatic cell is inserted into an egg without a nucleus.

NUCLEUS

cloning refers to the production of two or more identical individuals; a natural example would be identical twins.

REPRODUCTIVE

Select traits that are modified in transgenic plants.

Resistance to herbicides Resistance to insects Resistance to disease

A portion of the plasmid DNA from Agrobacterium tumefaciens called _______________ becomes integrated into the chromosomal DNA of plants, and encodes plant growth hormones which cause a crown gall tumor to grow.

T plasmid

What is an advantage of pharming?

The possibility of producing large quantities of protein efficiently.

Although Dolly was only three years old, her chromosomes had the length of a 9-10 year old sheep. Which of the following best describes why this occurred?

The telomeres of the somatic cells that Dolly originated from were shortening.

Select the common characteristics of stem cells.

They can differentiate into one or more specialized cell types. They have the capacity to divide.

The cloned gene of interest is inserted where in the Ti plasmid?

Within the T-DNA

To create a gene knockin mouse, a gene of interest is cloned and placed adjacent to sequences from the mouse genome. The purpose of this mouse DNA is to ______.

allow homologous recombination to place the gene in a noncritical region of the genome

plant cells are bombarded with high velocity microprojectiles coated with DNA.

biolistic gene

The use of living organisms or their products to alleviate plant diseases is called

biological control

The term that means the use of living organisms or their products to decrease pollutants in the environment is

bioremediation

A bioremediation process called _____________occurs when enzymes produced by microorganisms modify a toxic pollutant by altering or transforming its structure.

biotransformation

Stem cells could be implanted into the__________ to treat conditions such as Parkinson's disease.

brain

The early mammalian embryo contains are pluripotent cells found in the inner cell mass of the blastocyst.

embryonic stem

A cloned gene becoming integrated into the genome by nonhomologous recombination is called gene

gene addition

Use of animals to produce human proteins is an example of __________.

gene addition

When a cloned gene is inserted by non-homologous recombination, resulting in an additional copy of the gene in the genome

gene addition

When a non-functional cloned gene is used to replace a normal gene by homologous recombination.

gene knockout

Altering the sequence of a gene, such as with the CRISPR-Cas system, is known as ______.

gene modification

The process of gene____________ aims to alter the sequence of a gene.

gene modification

When a cloned gene is exchanged for the normal gene by homologous recombination.

gene replacement

Totipotent

give rise to all adult cells fertilized egg

Gene knockout allows researchers to study

how the loss of normal gene function affects an organism.

One problem that has occurred through the creation and use of transgenic plants that produce the Bt protein is that __________.

insect populations that are resistant to Bt have arisen

Transgenic plants that express proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis are resistant to ______.

insects

a cloned gene is rendered inactive and replaces a normal gene at its chromosomal location.

knockout

Using microscopic-sized needles to introduce DNA into plmicroinjectionant or animal cells is called

microinjection

Mice have been developed with genetic modifications that make them develop symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease. These mice are an example of a ______.

mouse model

Totipotent cells __________.

occur only in adult animals

The production of medically important proteins in the mammary glands of livestock is called molecular

pharming

Microinjection can be used to introduce DNA into ______.

plant and animal cells

A stem cell that can differentiate into almost every cell type in the body, but has lost the ability to produce an entire, intact individual is called ______.

pluripotent

Unipotent

primordial germ cell give rise to one or a few cell types

In one of the earliest applications of biotechnology, a bacterial strain was engineered to produce a human hormone with a short coding sequence called ______.

somatostatin

The cells that construct our bodies from a fertilized egg are called

stem

Somatostatin is a hormone ______.

that inhibits the secretion of other hormones such as insulin and glucagon produced by engineering bacterial cells

Embryonic stem cells are found in ______.

the blastocyst

Molecular pharming can refer to ______.

the manufacture of medical products in agricultural plants production of medically important proteins in the mammary glands of livestock

Biological control is the ______.

use of living organisms or their products to alleviate plant diseases

A researcher wishes to control the expression of a gene in a transgenic animal so that the gene is only expressed in a specific tissue. What kind of promoter would be best suited for their use?

A promoter from a protein that is only expressed in that tissue

Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is a mitochondrial disease where the defective protein is encoded in the mitochondrial genome. For a woman who has LHON to have a normal child what would be the best approach?

Swapping the nucleus from her fertilized egg with the nucleus of an unfertilized egg from a woman that has normal mitochondria

data from cloned mice indicate their cells often do not have normal gene expression patterns.

TRANSCRIPTION

Why in reproductive cloning is it not a concern if the transgene is present in the cells that make up the germinal tissue?

The DNA is injected into a totipotent cell.

If a nucleus that was used to create cloned sheep came from a black faced ram instead of a white faced ewe as was used to create Dolly what would be the results?

The lamb would have a black face and be male.

Cloned genes are first inserted within the __________ to generate a transgenic plant.

Ti plasmid

The inclusion of a methione residue between insulin and the beta-galactosidase protein was to __________.

allow for the easy separation of the two peptides

Gene knockins are used to study the effects of ______. Multiple choice question. consistent gene expression

consistent gene expression

The commercialization of some strains of recombinant microorganisms has proceeded slowly due to concerns in situations where they are used to produce__________ products or where they are released into the______________ .

food enviornment

The larger fish at the back of the photo has grown faster and larger due to the incorporation of a ____________-factor regulating gene from another salmon species.

growth

it is possible to produce a transgenic plant that contains the gene of interest __________.

in all of the cells of a subsequent plant

To study how the loss of normal gene function affects the phenotype of a mouse, CRISPR-Cas technology can be used to introduce a deletion into a specific mouse gene. This process is called gene ______.

modification

A plant cell that has had its cell wall removed is called a ______.

protoplast

Embryonic stem cells are_________ which means that they can differentiate into almost every cell type of the body, but a single embryonic stem cell has lost the ability to produce an entire, intact individual.

pluripotent

means that when one type of gene is inactivated, another gene with a similar function may be able to compensate for the inactive gene.

redundancy

Biotechnology methods that produce two or more genetically identical individuals are referred to as

reproductive cloning

Incorporation of a growth hormone-regulating gene and promoter from other species produced a genetically modified ______ that can grow year round instead of only during specific seasons.

salmon

In biotechnology, what is used to benefit humans?

Living organisms Materials produced by living organisms

Ian Wilmut and his colleagues produced the first_______somatic clone, a sheep named Dolly.

MAMMALIAN

Transgenic plants have been created that express which protein?

Bt

Multipotent

Cannot produce entire individual hematopoetic stem cell gives rise to several cell types

In which areas has the use of recombinant microorganisms raised concerns?

Environmental concerns when they are released into the surroundings Safety concerns when they are used to produce food products

Reproductive cloning can only occur as a result of laboratory manipulations.

False

Why would it be desirable in molecular pharming to create several different animals to establish different lines for breeding?

Some animals may have a higher level of expression of the protein of interest.