chapter 22

Each of the following organs is a component of the digestive tract except the colon. bladder. stomach. pharynx. esophagus.

Bladder

The esophagus connects to which region of the stomach? antrum pylorus cardia fundus body

Cardia

A disease that attacks and disables the myenteric plexus would interfere with both intestinal motility and gastric secretion. increase gastric secretion. decrease gastric secretion. increase intestinal motility. decrease intestinal motility.

decrease intestinal motility.

Submucosal glands that secrete mucus are characteristic of the pancreas. duodenum. liver. ileum. jejunum.

duodenum

Bile salts break lipids apart in a process called absorption. emulsification. deglutition. the alkaline tide. ingestion.

emulsification.

Haustra are compact feces stored in the rectum. expansible pouches of the colon. glands in the large intestine that secrete mucus. the source of colon hormones. strips of muscle in the colon.

expansible pouches of the colon.

Which of the following is not a function of the digestive system? mechanical processing filtration ingestion compaction absorption

filtration

Identify the structure labeled "12." Figure 22-1 greater curvature cardia fundus lesser curvature pylorus

fundus

Which region of the stomach is superior to the junction between the stomach and the esophagus? body pylorus cardia fundus

fundus

Bile is stored in the duodenum. pancreas. gallbladder. liver. appendix.

gallbladder.

Which digestive hormone is secreted when fats and carbohydrates, especially glucose, enter the small intestine? secretin cholecystokinin (CCK) gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)

gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)

An intestinal hormone that stimulates the release of insulin from the pancreatic islet cells is cholecystokinin. secretin. enteropeptidase. gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP). vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP).

gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP).

An intestinal hormone that stimulates gastric secretion is secretin. cholecystokinin. enteropeptidase. gastrin. gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP).

gastrin.

G cells of the stomach secrete enteropeptidase. cholecystokinin. pepsin. gastrin. secretin.

gastrin.

The hormone that stimulates secretion and contraction by the stomach is gastrin. secretin. rennin. cholecystokinin. enteropeptidase.

gastrin.

Your patient has inflammation of the mucous membrane lining of the stomach. This is known clinically as gingivitis. cholecystitis. an ulcer. gastritis. ascites.

gastritis.

Gastrin secretion in response to elevated luminal pH is an example of ________ stimulation. neural hormone muscular local None of the answers is correct.

local

Movements unique to the large intestine are ________ movements. peristaltic writhing segmentation pendular mass

mass

Powerful peristaltic contractions that occur a few times each day in the colon are called defecation. mass movements. pendular movements. segmentation. haustral churning.

mass movements.

The ________ is a double sheet of peritoneal membrane that suspends the visceral organs and carries nerves, lymphatics, and blood vessels. lamina propria fibrosa serosa mesentery adventitia

mesentery

Carbohydrate digestion begins in the esophagus. ileum. stomach. duodenum. mouth.

mouth.

The lamina propria and mucous epithelium are components of the adventitia. serosa. mucosa. muscularis mucosa. submucosa.

mucosa.

Which of the following is classified as being either squamous or columnar? mucosal epithelium submucosa lamina propria muscularis mucosae mucosa

mucosal epithelium

A viral infection that often involves the parotid glands, which swell noticeably, is mumps. gastric ulceration. hepatitis. cirrhosis. HIV.

mumps.

Contraction of the ________ alters the shape of the intestinal lumen and moves epithelial pleats and folds. mucosa muscularis mucosa adventitia submucosa submucosal plexus

muscularis mucosa

Sandwiched between the layer of circular and longitudinal muscle in the muscularis externa is the mucosa. submucosa. myenteric plexus. muscularis mucosa. submucosal plexus.

myenteric plexus.

Identify the structure labeled "10." Figure 22-1 submucosa rugae longitudinal muscle layer oblique muscle layer circular muscle layer

oblique muscle layer

Gastric pits are hollows where proteins are stored. acid scars in the esophagus. ridges in the body of the stomach. involved in absorption of liquids from the stomach. openings into gastric glands.

openings into gastric glands.

The exocrine portion of the pancreas is composed of pancreatic islets. pancreatic lobules. pancreatic crypts. triads. pancreatic acini.

pancreatic acini.

Functions of the tongue include all of the following except mechanical processing of food. partitioning the oropharynx from the nasopharynx. aiding in speech. manipulation of food. sensory analysis of food.

partitioning the oropharynx from the nasopharynx.

Chief cells secrete pepsinogen. hydrochloric acid. intrinsic factor. mucus. gastrin.

pepsinogen.

Waves of muscular contractions that propel the contents of the digestive tract are called pendular movements. mastication. peristalsis. churning movements. segmentations.

peristalsis.

The ability to function over a wide range of lengths is called plasticity. compaction. spasticity. elasticity. extensibility.

plasticity.

The uvula is located at the margin of the vestibule. posterior margin of the soft palate. margin of the oropharynx and the laryngopharynx. base of a tooth. posterior of the tongue.

posterior margin of the soft palate.

The pancreas produces ________ -digesting enzymes in the form of proteolytic enzymes. protein carbohydrate nucleic acid sugar lipid

protein

The enzyme pepsin digests carbohydrates. proteins. lipids. nucleic acids. vitamins.

proteins.

Identify the structure labeled "7." Figure 22-1 esophagus greater curvature cardia pylorus lesser curvature

pylorus

The region of the stomach that empties into the duodenum is the antrum. fundus. cardia. body. pylorus.

pylorus.

All of the following are true of the lining of the stomach except that it is constantly being replaced. has a simple columnar epithelium. is covered by thick, alkaline mucus. recycles bile. contains gastric pits.

recycles bile.

What is the function of the structure labeled "6"? Figure 22-1 mixes stomach juice into food strains materials entering the stomach regulates release of chyme into the duodenum prevents food from entering the esophagus controls contraction of stomach muscles

regulates release of chyme into the duodenum

An enzyme secreted by the gastric mucosa of a newborn that assists in the digestion of milk proteins is rennin. gastrin. trypsin. cholecystokinin. pepsin.

rennin.

The prominent ridges in the lining of the empty stomach are called villi. papillae. rugae. cardia. plicae.

rugae.

The intestinal hormone that stimulates the pancreas to release enzymes and buffers is gastrin. secretin. gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP). vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). lipase.

secretin.

What type of epithelium covers the structures labeled "6"? Figure 22-2 stratified squamous pseudostratified ciliated columnar simple cuboidal simple squamous simple columnar

simple columnar

Duodenal glands are characteristic of the large intestine. small intestine. stomach. pancreas. liver.

small intestine.

In the digestive and urinary systems, rings of smooth muscle, called ________, regulate the movement of materials along internal passageways. circular muscles muscularis externa sphincters muscularis mucosae longitudinal muscles

sphincters

Which of these descriptions best matches the term gastrin? where pancreatic juice and bile enter duodenum causes gall bladder to contract stimulates pancreas to secrete bicarbonate-rich fluid stimulates gastric secretion carries absorbed sugars and amino acids

stimulates gastric secretion

The ________ mechanically digests ingested food. large intestine stomach anus small intestine esophagus

stomach

Chemical breakdown of materials by acid and enzymes takes place in the small intestine. oral cavity. stomach. large intestine. esophagus.

stomach.

Which layer of the digestive tract has a dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the muscularis mucosae? muscularis externa lamina propria mucosa submucosa digestive epithelium

submucosa

Large blood vessels and lymphatics are found in the submucosa. adventitia. muscularis externa. mucosa. serosa.

submucosa.

Sensory nerve cells, parasympathetic ganglia, and sympathetic postganglionic fibers can be found in the adventitia. mucosa. serosa. lamina propria. submucosal plexus.

submucosal plexus.

Muscles known as the pharyngeal constrictors function in opening the cardiac sphincter. mastication. esophageal peristalsis. swallowing. moving the tongue.

swallowing.

Which structure controls the contraction of the muscularis externa? Figure 22-2 2 8 9 10 11

10

Where would you find a brush border? Figure 22-2 2 4 6 9 10

6

Which structure helps the stomach to stretch as it fills with food? Figure 22-1 3 4 5 6 9

9

Which is incorrect regarding smooth muscle in the digestive tract? Hormonal factors can alter the degree of tension. Smooth muscle can contract over a range of lengths due to plasticity. Wherever smooth muscle tissue forms layers, the cells are aligned parallel to one another. A smooth muscle fiber has an extensive network of T tubules.

A smooth muscle fiber has an extensive network of T tubules.

A drug that blocks the action of the hormone cholecystokinin would affect the composition of pancreatic secretions. acid production by the stomach. the delivery of bile. All of the answers are correct. None of the answers is correct.

All

During deglutition, the larynx elevates and the epiglottis closes. the lower esophageal sphincter opens. the soft palate elevates. All of the answers are correct. None of the answers is correct.

All

Functions of the large intestine include absorption of vitamins. reabsorption of water and compaction of feces. storage of fecal material prior to defection. All of the answers are correct. None of the answers is correct.

All

The Kupffer cells of the liver present antigens. destroy damaged RBCs. are phagocytic. destroy bacteria. All of the answers are correct.

All

The activities of the digestive system are regulated by hormones. parasympathetic and sympathetic neurons. intrinsic nerve plexuses. the contents of the digestive tract. All of the answers are correct.

All

The pancreas produces lipases and amylase. peptidases and proteinases. nucleases. All of the answers are correct. None of the answers is correct.

All

The structure labeled "5" Figure 22-2 is called the serosa. contributes to the mesentery of the small intestine. is part of the visceral peritoneum. has a simple squamous epithelium. All of the answers are correct.

All

Tony is a chronic alcoholic with cirrhosis of the liver, a condition in which liver cells die and are replaced by connective tissue. Which of the following signs would you expect to observe in Tony? portal hypertension and ascites increased clotting time jaundice All of the answers are correct. None of the answers is correct.

All

Which of the following enhance the absorptive effectiveness of the small intestine? villi circular folds intestinal movements microvilli All of the answers are correct.

All

Which of the following is a function of the tongue? secretion of mucins manipulation to assist with chewing sensory analysis mechanical processing All of the answers are correct.

All

The portion of the stomach that is superior to the junction between the stomach and the esophagus is the body. fundus. pylorus. cardia. antrum.

Fundus

________ are arranged within a lobule of the liver into a series of plates converging toward a central vein. Hepatic ducts Kupffer cells Portal areas Bile canaliculi Hepatocytes

Hepatocytes

Which statement accurately describes the pharyngeal phase of swallowing? It begins with the compression of the bolus against the hard palate. It begins when tactile receptors on the palatal arches and uvula are stimulated. It begins as the contraction of pharyngeal muscles forces the bolus through the entrance to the esophagus. It is strictly voluntary.

It begins when tactile receptors on the palatal arches and uvula are stimulated.

Choose the correct statement regarding the liver. The round ligament extends along the edges of the bare area. It functions in the maintenance of normal concentrations of glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids in the bloodstream. The porta hepatis carries bile from the gallbladder to the duodenum. It temporarily stores the bile it produces.

It functions in the maintenance of normal concentrations of glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids in the bloodstream.

Which of the following statements about the tongue is false? It secretes salivary amylase. The lingual frenulum attaches ventral surface to floor of oral cavity. The dorsal surface is covered with papillae. It is composed of skeletal muscle. It secretes lingual lipase.

It secretes salivary amylase.

Which of the following is an accessory organ of digestion? appendix spleen esophagus colon pancreas

Pancreas

Which characteristic of saliva is correct? Buffers in the saliva keep the pH of the mouth near 4.0. Collectively, the salivary glands produce 200 mL of saliva each day. About 70 percent of the saliva originates in the sublingual salivary glands. Parasympathetic stimulation accelerates secretion by all the salivary glands.

Parasympathetic stimulation accelerates secretion by all the salivary glands.

Which is the function of parietal cells? They secrete an inactive proenzyme called pepsinogen. They produce a variety of hormones. They produce enzymes important for the digestion of milk. They secrete a glycoprotein that facilitates the absorption of vitamin B12 across the intestinal lining.

They secrete a glycoprotein that facilitates the absorption of vitamin B12 across the intestinal lining.

The greater omentum is the entrance to the stomach. attached to the stomach at the lesser curvature. a fatty sheet that hangs like an apron over the abdominal viscera. a sheet of mesentery that attaches to the liver. important in the digestion of fats.

a fatty sheet that hangs like an apron over the abdominal viscera.

A drug that blocks the action of carbonic anhydrase in parietal cells would result in decreased gastrin production. decreased production of pepsinogen by chief cells. a lower pH in the stomach during gastric digestion. a higher pH in the stomach during gastric digestion. increased protein digestion in the stomach.

a higher pH in the stomach during gastric digestion.

The movement of organic molecules, electrolytes, minerals, and water across the digestive epithelium into interstitial fluid is known as ingestion. compaction. absorption. peristalsis. filtration.

absorption.

Colon cancer is the #3 cancer killer. Whether you are a man or a woman, current guidelines urge you to have a screening colonoscopy when you reach age 50 because colon cancer is treatable with surgery if caught in time with a colonoscopy, but you could die if you don't get screened. colon cancer is the #3 cancer killer, behind prostate and lung cancer for men, so you could die if you don't get screened. colon cancer is the #3 cancer killer, behind breast and lung cancer for women, so you could die if you don't get screened. early colon cancer often has no symptoms, which is why screening is so important, so you could die if you don't get screened. all of the answers are correct, and you could die if you don't have a screening colonoscopy when you reach age 50.

all of the answers are correct, and you could die if you don't have a screening colonoscopy when you reach age 50.

What is produced by the structure labeled "7"? Figure 22-2 lipase hydrochloric acid antibodies sodium bicarbonate pepsinogen

antibodies

A small, wormlike structure attached to the posteromedial surface of the cecum is the gallbladder. pancreas. appendix. haustra. ileum.

appendix.

In response to the arrival of acid chyme in the duodenum, the blood levels of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) fall. blood levels of cholecystokinin fall. blood levels of gastrin rise. blood levels of secretin rise. blood levels of gastrin rise and blood levels of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) fall.

blood levels of secretin rise.

The part of the stomach that functions as a mixing chamber for food and secretions is the body. pylorus. cardia. antrum. fundus.

body

The roof of the oral cavity is formed by the frenulum. the soft palate. the hard palate. both the hard palate and the soft palate. the uvula.

both the hard palate and the soft palate.

Lacteals produce milk. carry absorbed fats to the lymphatic system. produce new cells for the mucosa of the small intestine. increase the surface area of the mucosa of the small intestine. secrete digestive enzymes.

carry absorbed fats to the lymphatic system.

Cholecystokinin (CCK) secretion __________. results in dilation of intestinal capillaries causes a relaxation of the hepatopancreatic sphincter and contraction of the gallbladder stimulates gastric motility stimulates insulin release at the pancreatic islets

causes a relaxation of the hepatopancreatic sphincter and contraction of the gallbladder

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term cholecystokinin (CCK)? causes gall bladder to contract carries absorbed sugars and amino acids where pancreatic juice and bile enter duodenum stimulates gastric secretion stimulates pancreas to secrete insulin

causes gall bladder to contract

The sac-like structure that joins the ileum at the ileocecal valve is the haustra. cecum. appendix. sigmoid colon. rectum.

cecum.

An intestinal hormone that stimulates contraction of the gallbladder to release bile is gastrin. gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP). cholecystokinin. enteropeptidase. secretin.

cholecystokinin

After food and gastric juices combine, the gastric contents are referred to as bile. secretin. plicae. chyme. a bolus.

chyme.

What terminology describes a series of transverse folds in the lining of the small intestine? rugae haustra circular folds taeniae coli

circular folds

Circular folds are ridges on the external edges of the colon. abnormal structures formed by excessive pressure in the small intestine. ridges in the wall of the stomach. circumferential folds in the mucosa and submucosa of the small intestine. fingerlike projections on the surface of the mucosa of the small intestine.

circumferential folds in the mucosa and submucosa of the small intestine.

The ________ is formed by the union of the cystic duct and the common hepatic duct. left hepatic duct common hepatic duct common bile duct hepatopancreatic sphincter duodenal ampulla

common bile duct

The fusion of the hepatic duct and the cystic duct forms the bile canaliculus. common bile duct. porta hepatis. hepatic portal vein. common pancreatic duct.

common bile duct.

Contraction of the muscle layer labeled "9" causes the digestive tract to Figure 22-2 constrict. secrete enzymes. fold for increased surface area. dilate. shorten.

constrict.

Which of the following is not a component of the defecation reflex? contraction of the external anal sphincter stimulation of stretch receptors stimulation of myenteric plexus in sigmoid colon increased local peristalsis stimulation of parasympathetic motor neurons in sacral spinal cord

contraction of the external anal sphincter

Which of these descriptions best matches the term "myenteric plexus"? component of mucosa sensory neural network coordinates activity of muscularis externa secretes a watery fluid loose connective tissue layer containing blood vessels

coordinates activity of muscularis externa

Kupffer cells lurk in the liver, searching for invaders. Where in the liver do they lurk? bile canaliculi lymph vessels interlobular septum perisinusoidal space hepatic sinusoids

hepatic sinusoids

Parietal cells secrete mucus. hydrochloric acid. enteropeptidase. gastrin. pepsinogen.

hydrochloric acid.

Aggregated lymphoid nodules are characteristic of the stomach. jejunum. duodenum. ileum. colon.

ileum.

Regions of the stomach include all of the following except body. ileum. cardia. fundus. pylorus.

ileum.

The portion of the small intestine that attaches to the cecum is the haustrum. duodenum. jejunum. appendix. ileum.

ileum.

Which of these descriptions best matches the term "submucosal plexus"? secretes a watery fluid coordinates activity of muscularis externa component of mucosa loose connective tissue layer containing blood vessels includes a sensory neural network

includes a sensory neural network

Circular folds and intestinal villi secrete digestive enzymes. carry products of digestion that will not pass through the walls of blood capillaries. produce hormones. increase the surface area of the mucosa of the small intestine. produce new cells for the mucosa of the small intestine.

increase the surface area of the mucosa of the small intestine.

The ________ is composed of smooth muscle fibers and is not under voluntary control. rectum anal canal internal anal sphincter external anal sphincter sigmoid flexure

internal anal sphincter

The bile duct: is the duct that immediately leads out of the gallbladder. produces digestive enzymes and buffers. is formed by the union of the cystic duct and the common hepatic duct. is formed by the union of the right and left hepatic ducts.

is formed by the union of the cystic duct and the common hepatic duct.

The jejunum: receives chyme from the stomach and digestive secretions from the pancreas and liver. is the site where the bulk of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption occurs. is the longest segment of the small intestine, averaging 3.5 meters (11.5 ft.) in length. is the segment closest to the stomach.

is the site where the bulk of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption occurs.

Tom has hepatitis, an inflammation of the liver. Which of the following symptoms would you expect to observe in Tom? jaundice impaired digestion of protein overproduction of blood plasma albumin elevated levels of blood glucose blood in the feces

jaundice

The villi are most developed in the jejunum. gall bladder. duodenum. cecum. stomach.

jejunum

The middle segment of the small intestine is the pylorus. jejunum. cecum. duodenum. ileum.

jejunum.

The part of the digestive tract that plays the primary role in chemical digestion and nutrient absorption is the cecum. colon. stomach. jejunum. duodenum.

jejunum.

Products of fat digestion are transported initially by the interstitial fluid. lacteals veins. capillaries. the arterioles.

lacteals

Which component of the mucosa consists of a layer of areolar tissue that also contains blood vessels, sensory nerve endings, and many other structures? villi lamina propria submucosal plexus muscularis mucosae

lamina propria

The layer of loose connective tissue that directly supports the digestive epithelium is the submucosa. lamina propria. myenteric plexus. muscularis mucosae. submucosal plexus.

lamina propria.

What organ is primarily responsible for water absorption? esophagus anus stomach small intestine large intestine

large intestine

Which organ is responsible for dehydration and compaction of indigestible materials? anus large intestine esophagus stomach small intestine

large intestine

Which of the following is not a phase of deglutition? laryngeal pharyngeal esophageal buccal None of the answers is correct; all are phases in deglutition.

laryngeal

The connection of the anterior portion of the tongue to the underlying epithelium is the labial frenulum. fauces. uvula. lingual frenulum. glossal septum.

lingual frenulum.

The basic functional unit of the liver is the bile canaliculus. Kupffer cell. portal area. hepatocyte. lobule.

lobule

Which of the following is greater? the pH of the blood in gastric veins following a 24-hour fast the pH of the blood in gastric veins during digestion of a large meal The pH of the blood in the gastric veins could be greater after a meal or after a fast; there is not enough information to predict. The pH of the blood in the gastric veins is constant because of buffering.

the pH of the blood in gastric veins during digestion of a large meal

A structure that helps prevent food from entering the pharynx prematurely is the pharyngeal arch. uvula. palatopharyngeal arch. palatoglossal arch. epiglottis.

uvula.

An intestinal hormone that stimulates mucus secretion by the submucosal duodenal glands and dilation of intestinal capillaries is gastrin. secretin. gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP). vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). cholecystokinin.

vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP).

Identify the structures labeled "6." Figure 22-2 lacteals villi microvilli serosa circular folds

villi

Mary had her most of her stomach surgically removed in an effort to overcome obesity. As a result you would expect Mary to be at risk for diarrhea. dehydration. protein malnutrition. vitamin B12 deficiency. an ulcer.

vitamin B12 deficiency.