Chapter 22
In biology, the term ____refers to a similarity that occurs due to descent from a common ancestor.
Homology
The forelimbs of modern vertebrate species are an example of what? Choose all that apply.
-anatomical homologies -homologous structures
Identify the developmental homologies observed in early human embryos but not in adult humans.
Bony tail; gill ridges
What features does a transitional form display?
Both features of its ancestral forms and its descendants.
Selective breeding has only recently become possible because of advances in our knowledge of genetics
False
There are many larger, placental mammals that evolved and are currently living in Australia.
False
True or false: Selective breeding has only recently become possible because of advances in our knowledge of genetics.
False
Early human embryos have ______, which indicates that one of our earliest ancestors was an aquatic species.
Gill ridges
A well-studied example of a gene family is the ____gene family found in many animal species; these genes encode proteins that function in oxygen binding.
Globin
A(n)____ is a similarity in an anatomical, developmental, or molecular feature that occurs due to descent from a common ancestor.
Homologous
Evolutionary theory can explain ____structures, which are functional anatomical structures in related organisms that are similar based on their origin from a common ancestor.
Homologous
Structures that are similar to each other because they are derived from a common ancestor are called ______ structures.
Homologous
Two or more genes derived from the same ancestral gene are called ____genes.
Homologous
The English naturalist John Ray introduced the modern concept of a(n)
Species
What was typical of early ideas about the origin and diversity of species?
Species were regarded as never-changing entities.
Which of the following terms indicates similarity due to a common origin?
homology
The primary difference between natural and artificial selection is ______
how the parents are chosen: by humans or by increased survival and reproductive success
The primary difference between natural and artificial selection is ______.
how the parents are chosen: by humans or by increased survival and reproductive success
Most endemic island species have close relatives
on the nearby islands or mainland.
Endemic species are those that are typically present ______.
only in a particular location
When genes from different species are compared and found to be derived from a common ancestral gene, they are referred to as ______.
orthologs
In many examples, we observe two or more homologous genes in a single species; these are called ______.
paralogs
Species that are naturally found only in a particular location are called _____species.
Endemic
Which of the following statements about dog breeds is true?
All dogs belong to the same species.
Different versions of a particular gene are termed ______.
Alleles
The phenotypic variation of traits is usually related to differences in their____ , which are variant forms of a particular gene.
Alleles
In _____selection, humans choose the parents of the next generation, whereas____ in selection, organisms that survive and reproduce are those that pass on their genes to the next generation.
Artificial; natural
The study of the geographic distribution of modern and extinct species is called
Biogeography
The forelimbs of modern vertebrates contain the same set of ______, although their size and shapes are modified.
Bones
What were the two main geological hypotheses that predominated in the early 19th century?
Catastrophic and uniformitarianism
According to the ______ hypothesis, the Earth was 6,000 years old and only catastrophic events had changed its geology. In contrast, proponents of ______ hypothesized that changes in the Earth are caused by recurring events that have been happening for many years (much more than 6,000).
Catastrophism and Uniformitarianism
Darwin believed that evolution occurs from generation to generation due to which two interacting factors?
natural selection and genetic variation
During a study session about evolution, one of your fellow students remarks, "The giraffe stretched its neck while reaching for higher leaves; its offspring inherited longer necks as a result." What statement is most likely to be helpful in correcting this student's misconception?
Characteristics acquired during an organism's life are generally not passed on through genes.
The scientist who recorded information about the natural world on the voyage of the HMS Beagle and developed a theory that existing species have evolved from pre-existing species was
Charles Darwin
What scientist was influenced by Malthus' paper and played a key role in developing the theory that existing species evolve from pre-existing species?
Charles Darwin
How did Darwin's work on the Beagle influence his ideas about evolution?
Darwin was the ship's naturalist and recorded features of the natural world.
A comparison of homologies can be used to demonstrate the evolution of related species from a common ancestor. Which of the following are the three main examples of such homologies?
Developmental Anatomical Molecular
The modern concept of a species, which was based on the capability of individuals of the same species to interbreed, was introduced by ______.
John Ray
In his Essay on the Principle of Population, Thomas Malthus concluded that human populations grow at a rate that is ______ their potential.
Less than
What do molecular homologies tell us about the evolution of living things?
Living things have evolved from an interrelated group of ancestors.
How do scientists explain the diversity of finches on Galápagos?
Mainland species migrated to the islands and adapted to different feeding habits.
According to Darwin's ideas, two factors interact to bring about evolutionary change: genetic change and
Natural selection
When fossils are arranged and compared according to their age, from ___to____ , successive evolutionary change becomes apparent.
Oldest to youngest
In 1859, Darwin published his ideas on evolution and described his observational support in the book called ______.
On the Origin of Species
____evolution occurs when two species from different lineages independently evolve similar characteristics because they occupy similar environments.
Onvergent
The geographic distribution of species can reveal patterns of ______.
Past evolution
What is the current explanation, from an evolutionary standpoint, of the lack of large placental mammals in Australia?
Placental mammals evolved elsewhere and could not disperse to Australia due to its isolated position in the ocean.
Which of the following statement is the best explanation why Australia lacks any of the larger, terrestrial placental mammals?
Placental mammals first arose somewhere other than Australia, and the barrier of a large ocean prevented them from migrating there.
Most of the species that humans use as food have been modified through _____breeding.
Selective
Humans have produced dramatically different traits in various dog breeds through ____.
Selective breeding
Programs and procedures that involve choosing parents with particular characteristics to mate and produce offspring with desirable traits are described by the term
Selective breeding
When observing finches on the Galápagos Islands, Darwin noted that there were clear ____ between species. However, there were also ___that provided them with specialized feeding strategies.
Similarities, differences
Prior to the development of tools to analyze DNA and protein sequences, which of the following provided evidence of biological evolution?
The fossil record Selective breeding experiments Distribution of related species Comparative anatomy
What is the main reason why humans can selectively breed species?
The genetic variation of traits in species.
Biogeography is the study of ______.
The geographic distribution of modern and extinct species
Which of the following are examples of homologous structures?
The wings of a bat and the arms of a human
Which of the following statements about placental mammals in Australia is true?
There are only a few recently migrated species of bats and rodents.
What are similarities and differences in the anatomical structure of forelimbs in different species of modern vertebrates?
They all contain the same set of bones but their size and shape are modified to perform different functions.
Most of the food we eat comes from species that do not look like their ancestral species anymore. How have humans achieved that?
Through selective breeding
A fossil or organism that displays features of both an ancestral form and the form of its more modern descendants is called a(n) _____form.
Transitional
True or False: Even though the fossil record is still incomplete, there are many examples where fossils provide information on the evolution of a series of related organisms.
True
Charles Darwin conceptualized evolution as the theory of descent with modification through what two factors?
Variation and natural selection
Changes in a series of ancestors that form a lineage is called_____ evolution.
Vertical
In order to determine the successive evolutionary change in a series of extinct organisms, their fossils must be compared according to their
age
Although the ideas of Malthus, Lyell, and other scientists influenced Darwin, his ideas were mostly influenced by his experience ______.
as a naturalist on the five-year voyage of the Beagle.
If two species have very similar genetic sequences, they are probably ______.
closely related
When two species from different lineages independently evolve similar characteristics because they occupy similar environments, then what has occurred?
convergent evolution
Darwin expressed his concept of evolution as "the theory of ____ with _____ through variation and natural selection."
descent of modification
Darwin's theory of evolution is also known as ______.
descent with modification through variation and natural selection
Changes in heritable characteristics of a population over time is called
evolution
Heritable change in traits of a population from one generation to the next is called ______.
evolution
Darwin's book On the Origin of Species (1859) sparked much debate but also provided a foundation of ______ theory.
evolutionary
Selective breeding of a particular trait is only possible if ______ exists for that trait.
genetic variation
According to Darwin's ideas, which of the following factors led to evolution from generation to generation?
genetic variation and natural selection
Sets of fossils that demonstrate evolutionary changes in a series of related species ______.
have been discovered, with many examples.
Modern vertebrates, such as humans, bats, and whales, have forelimbs that contain the same set of bones from a common ancestor, but that have undergone independent evolutionary changes in each lineage. These are best described as ______ structures.
homologous
In general, when two or more genes are found to be derived from a common ancestor gene, they are referred to as ______
homologous genes
In modern vertebrates, forelimbs have a strikingly similar pattern of bone arrangements. What are these called?
homologous structures
It has been observed that organisms on islands are different from, but closely related to, similar forms found on the nearest continent. This is taken as evidence that ______
island forms and mainland forms descended from common ancestors.
Dwarfing of animals on isolated islands is usually due to ______.
limited food resources
In his manuscript Malthus noted that the human population can only grow linearly, even though our reproductive potential is exponential. Why?
limited resources
Scientists think that finches on the Galápagos islands evolved from mainland birds that ____ to the islands and later became ____ to a variety of feeding habits.
migrated adapted
Recently, what type of evidence has allowed biologists more insight into how genetic changes relate to the evolution of new species?
molecular
Similarities in genetic sequences among different organisms that evolved from a common ancestor are called ______.
molecular homologies
According to Darwin's ideas, two factors interact to bring about evolutionary change: genetic change and
natural selection
Individuals with heritable traits that make them better suited to their native environment tend to flourish and reproduce more than others. This process is called ______.
natural selection
What have humans conducted for centuries to produce domesticated species with desirable traits?
selective breeding
What term best describes programs and procedures designed to modify traits in domesticated species?
selective breeding
Among the Galápagos finches, species with similar eating habits have ______ beak shapes
similar
Among the Galápagos finches, species with similar eating habits have ______ beak shapes.
similar
The more closely related two organisms are, the more ______ their DNA sequences for shared genes will be.
similar
Early thinkers about the diversity of life on Earth were strongly influenced by philosophy and religion, and regarded species as ______.
static and unchanging
The forelimbs of modern vertebrates exhibit homology because ______ have been modified to perform different functions.
the same set of bones
Natural selection acting on larger-sized species that colonize islands tends to cause a reduction in size over many generations because ______.
the smaller size is advantageous probably because of limited resources.
What is the relationship between the evolution of major animal groups and known changes to the distribution of landmasses on Earth?
they are correlated
A ____ structure has no apparent function in a species, but is fully functional in the species' ancestors.
vestigial
Some species have anatomical features that have no apparent function but resemble structures of their presumed ancestors; these anatomical features are called
vestigial structures
