Chapter 22 AP Biology

Given a population that contains genetic variation, what is the correct sequence of the following events, under the influence of natural selection? 1. well adapted individuals leave more offspring than do poorly adapted individuals 2. a change occurs in the environment 3. genetic frequencies within the population change 4. poorly adapted individuals have decreased survivorship

2, 4, 1, 3

A biologist studied a population of squirrels for 15 years. During that time, the population was never fewer than 30 squirrels and never more than 45. Her data showed that over half of the squirrels born did not survive to reproduce, because of competition for food and predation. In a single generation, 90% of the squirrels that were born lived to reproduce, and the population increased to 80. Which inference(s) about this population might be true? a. The amount of available food may have increased. b. The number of predators may have decreased. c. The squirrels of subsequent generations should show greater levels of genetic variation than previous generations, because squirrels that would not have survived in the past will now survive. d. A and B only e. A, B, and C.

e.

Organs of different organisms that have a similar form due to a common origin are a. usually vestigial b. artifacts c. homoplastic or analogous d. found in fossils but never in contemporary organisms e. homologous

e.

The best description of natural selection is a. the overproduction of offspring in environments with limited natural resources b. the survival of the fittest c. a change in allele frequencies in a population d. the struggle for existence e. the reproductive success of the members of a population best adapted to the environment

e.

To Cuvier, the differences in fossils from different strata were evidence for a. continental drift b. changes occurring as a result of cumulative but gradual processes c. divine creation d. evolution by natural selection e. local catastrophic events such as droughts or floods

e.

Which of the following is an example of convergent evolution? a. two very different plants that are found in different habitats but evolved from a fairly recent common ancestor b. the many different bill sizes and shapes of finches on the Galapagos Islands c. the evolution of multiple-drug resistance in MRSA d. the remolding of the vertebrate forelimb in the evolution of a bird wing e. similarities between the marsupial Tasmanian wolf and the eutherian North American wolf.

e.

the genetic change in a population of organisms that occurs over time

evolution

Earth contains fixed species on a continuum from simple to complex

Aristotle - scale of nature

The history of the Earth is marked by sudden floods or droughts that resulted in extinctions

Cuvier - catastrophism

All of life is related; present day species differ from ancestral species

Darwin - descent with modification

Profound change is the cumulative product of slow but continuous processes

Hutton - gradual geologic changes

The Soviet geneticist, Lysenko believed that his winter wheat plants, exposed to increasingly colder temperatures, would eventually give rise to more cold tolerant winter wheat. His ideas were in agreement to which evolutionist?

Lamarck

proposed mechanism of evolution in which modifications due to use or disuse are passed on to offspring

Lamarck - inheritance of acquired characteristics

Describes the diversity of God's creations by naming and classifying species

Linnaeus - classification system

Geologic processes have constant rates throughout time

Lyell - uniformitarianism

Darwin's claim that all of life descended from a common ancestor may best be supported with evidence from a. molecular biology b. comparative embryology c. taxonomy d. comparative anatomy e. the fossil record

a.

If Darwin had been aware of genes, and of their typical mode of transmission to subsequent generations, with which statement would he most likely have been in agreement? a. If natural selection can change one gene's frequency in a population over the course of generations then, given enough time and enough genes, natural selection can cause sufficient genetic change to produce new species from old ones. b. If an individual's somatic cell genes change during its lifetime, making it more fit, then it will be able to pass these genes on to its offspring. c. If an individual acquires new genes by engulfing, or being infected by, another organism, then a new genetic species will be the result. d. A single mutation in a single gene in a single gamete will, if perpetuated, produce a new species within just two generations.

a.

In a hypothetical environment, fishes called pike-cichlids are visual predators of large, adult algae-eating fish (in other words, they locate their prey by sight). The population of algae eaters experiences predatory pressure from pike-cichlids. Which of the following is least likely to result in the algae-eater population in future generations? a. selection for larger female algae-eaters, bearing broods composed of more, and larger, young b. selection of nocturnal algae-eaters (active only at night) c. selection for algae-eaters that become sexually mature at smaller overall body sizes d. selection for drab coloration of the algae-eaters

a.

Natural selection is based on all of the following except a. individuals adapt to their environments and thereby, evolve b. populations tend to produce more individuals than the environment can support c. the best-adapted individuals tend to leave the most offspring d. genetic variation exists within populations e. individuals who survive longer tend to leave more offspring than those who die young

a.

Parasitic species tend to have simple morphologies. Which of the following statements best explains this observation? a. Simple morphologies convey some advantage in most parasites b. Parasites are lower organisms, and this is why they have simple morphologies. c. Parasites do not live long enough to inherit acquired characteristics. d. Parasites have not yet had time to progress, because they are young evolutionarily.

a.

Starting from the wild mustard Brassica oleracea, breeders have created the strains known as Brussels sprouts, broccoli, kale, and cabbage. Therefore, which of the following statements is correct? a. In this wild mustard, there is enough heritable variation to permit these different varieties. b. In wild mustard, most of the variation is due to differences in soil or other aspects of the environment. c. Heritable variation is low in wild mustard- otherwise this wild strain would have different characteristics. d. Natural selection is rare in wild populations of wild mustard.

a.

Starting from wild mustard, breeders have created brussels sprouts, broccoli, kale, and cabbage. Which of the following statements is true? a. In this wild mustard, there is enough heritable variation to permit these different varieties. b. In wild mustard, most of the variation is due to differences in soil or other aspects of the environment. c. Natural selection is rare in wild populations of wild mustard d. Heritable variation is low in wild mustard otherwise this wild strain would have different characteristics.

a.

The greatest number of endemic species is expected in environments that are_____ a. Isolated and show little ecological diversity b. Isolated and ecologically diverse c. Easily reached and ecologically diverse d. Easily reached and show little ecological diversity

a.

The remnants of pelvic and leg bones in a snake a. are vestigial structures b. are homologous structures c. resulted from artificial selection d. show that lizards evolved from snakes e. provide evidence for inheritance of acquired characteristics

a.

The smallest unit that can evolve is a. a population b. a community c. a mating pair d. a species e. an individual

a.

Which of the following must exist in a population before natural selection can act upon that population? a. Genetic variation among individuals b. Variation among individuals caused by environmental factors c. Sexual reproduction d. The population has predators

a.

the modifications that improve the ability of an organism to adjust to its environment

adaptation

the selection of traits that are desirable in plants or animals and breeding only those individuals that possess the desired traits

artificial selection

What might you conclude from the observation that the bones in your arm and hand are similar to the bones that make up a bat's wing? a. Bats and humans evolved in the same geographic area. b. The bones in a bat's wing are homologous to your arm and hand bones. c. Our ancestors could fly d. The bones in the bat's wings are vestigial structures, no longer useful as "arm" bones. e. Bats lost their opposite digits during the course of evolution.

b.

When cytochrome c molecules are compared, yeasts and molds are found to differ by approximately 46 amino acids per 100 residues (amino acids in the protein); insects and vertebrates are found to differ by 29 amino acids per 100 residues. What can one conclude from these data? a. Yeasts and molds diverged from a common ancestor more recently than did insects and vertebrates b. Insects and vertebrates diverged from a common ancestor more recently than did yeasts and molds c. Very little, unless the DNA sequences for the cytochrome c genes are compared d. The evolution of cytochrome c occurred more rapidly in yeasts and molds than in insects and vertebrates. e. Yeasts evolved from molds, but vertebrates did not evolve from insects.

b.

Which of the following is the most accurate summary of Cuvier's consideration of fossils found in the vicinity of Paris? a. extinction of species no; evolution of new species yes b. extinction of species yes; evolution of new species no c. extinction of species yes; evolution of new species yes d. extinction of species no; evolution of new species yes

b.

Which of the following statements is not considered part of the process of natural selection? a. Unequal reproductive success leads to gradual change in a population. b. Many adaptive traits may be acquired during an individual's lifetime, contributing to that individual's reproductive success. c. More offspring are produced than are able to survive and reproduce. d. Individuals with traits best adapted to the environment are likely to leave more offspring. e. Many of the variations among individuals in a population are heritable.

b.

All of the following influenced Darwin as he synthesized the theory of evolution by natural selection except a. Lyell's book, Principles of Geology, on the gradualness of geologic changes b. the biogeographic distribution of species such as the mockingbirds on the Galapagos Islands c. Mendel's paper in which he described his "laws of inheritance" d. examples of artificial selection that produce rapid changes in domesticated species e. Linnaeus's hierarchical classification of species, which could be interpreted as evidence of evolutionary relationships

c.

DDT was once considered a "silver bullet" that would permanently eradicate insect pests. Instead, DDT is largely useless against many insects. Which of these would have prevented this evolution of DDT resistance in insect pests? a. All habitats should have received applications of DDT at about the same time. b. DDT application should have been continual. c. None of the insect pests would have genetic variations that resulted in DDT resistance. d. The frequency of DDT application should have been higher.

c.

Darwin and Wallace's theory of evolution by natural selection was revolutionary because it ________ a. proved that individuals acclimated to their environment over time b. was the first theory to refute the ideas of special creation c. dismissed the idea that species are constant and emphasized the importance of variation and change in populations d. was the first time a biologist had proposed that species changed through time

c.

The hypothesis that whales evolved from land-dwelling ancestors is supported by a. evidence from the biogeographic distribution of whales b. molecular comparisons of whales, fish, and reptiles c. fossils of extinct whales that had increasingly reduced hind limbs d. the ability of captive whales to be trained to walk e. historical accounts of walking whales

c.

The wings of a butterfly and the wings of a bat are a. homologous but not analogous b. probably derived from a common ancestor c. analogous but not homologous d. neither analogous or homologous

c.

Which of the following observations helped Darwin shape his concept of descent with modification? a. Fewer species live on islands than on the nearest continents b. Earthquakes reshape life by causing mass extinctions c. South American temperate plants are more similar to the tropical plants of South America than to the temperate plants of Europe d. Birds can be found on islands located farther from the mainland than the words' maximum nonstop flight distance e. Species diversity declines farther from the equator

c.

the independent evolution of structural or functional similarity in two or more organisms of widely different, unrelated ancestry

convergent evolution

Darwin proposed that new species evolve from ancestral forms by a. the inheritance of acquired adaptations to the environment b. the accumulation of mutations c. the excessive production of offspring d. the gradual accumulation of adaptations to changing or different environments e. the struggle for limited resources

d.

Structures as different as human arms, bat wings, and dolphin flippers contain many of the same bones, which develop from similar embryonic tissues. These structural similarities are an example of __ a. The evolution of similar appearance as a result of common function b. The evolution of common structure as a result of common function c. Convergent evolution d. homology

d.

What must be true of any organ described as vestigial? a. It must be both homologous and analogous to some feature in an ancestor b. It must be analogous to some feature in an ancestor c. It need be neither homologous nor analogous to some feature in an ancestor d. It must be homologous to some feature in an ancestor.

d.

parts or traces of ancient organisms preserved in rocks

fossils

similar in function or appearance, but not in origin or development

homoplastic

The rise of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) can be considered to be an example of artificial selection because

humans synthesize methicillin and create environments in which bacteria frequently come into contact with methicillin.

a fossil that is restricted to a narrow unit of time and is found in the same evolutionary layers of different geographical areas

index fossil

rudimentary, or evolutionary remnant of a formerly functional structure

vestigial