chapter 22 Biology 105

history of fungi

Fungi and animals are heterotrophs; however, fungi are saprotrophs, a special type of heterotroph that absorbs food from the environment instead of eating it Fungi release special enzymes into the environment to break down dead and decaying organic matter so that its nutrients can be absorbed Fungi and animals share a common ancestor, so it is thought that fungi are most closely related to this group Their most recent common ancestors were most likely unicellularflagellated protists The ability to become multicellular likely evolved separately after the protist and fungi lineages diverged The oldest fungi fossils are dated around 460 million years old. Scientists don't know for certain when the very first fungi appeared on Earth, but it was clearly a very long time ago.

structural features of fungi

The body of most fungi is multicellular and known as a(n) mycelium, which is divided into a network of filaments called hyphae. These hyphae increase the surface area, maximizing the absorption of nutrients. Some species of fungi have hyphae that are partitioned by walls called septae. Fungal cells have cell walls comprised of chitin. Similar to animals, they store energy in the form of glycogen. Fungi tend to be nonmotile, although some do contain flagella at some point in their life cycle. Fungi reproduce sexually and asexually during their life cycles. Cells produced during the asexual phase are called spores. These are haploid as they contain only one set of chromosomes.

dikaryotic

a fungal cell that contains two separate haploid nuclei from different parental hyphae

chitin

a polymer of glucose that contains nitrogen and is found in the cell walls of fungi strong, flexible polysaccharide found in exoskeleton of arthropods and in the cell wall of fungi

fruiting body

a spore producing and disseminating structure found in some sac and clubs fungi

evolutionarily fungi are more closely related to what

animals

members of the ascomycota produce a fruiting body

ascocarp

a finger like sac in a sac fungus in which nuclear fusion, meiosis, and ascospore production occurs during sexual reproduction

ascus

which fungus below is important to the food industry for producing citric acid and gallic acid

aspergillus

the fruiting body of a club fungus, formed from a mass of tightly packed hyphae

basidiocarp

in the basidiomycota, the fruiting body is the.... which contains a club-like structure called... here spores called .... are produced

basidiocarp, basidium, basidiosphores

what are some of the characteristics of microsporidians

can infect humans single celled intracellular parasite do not have mitochondria can infect fish

the aquatic primitive fungi with flagellated spores that may represent the most ancestral fungal lineage

chytrids

during asexual reproduction in sac fungi conidiospores are produced within specialized aerial hyphae

conidiophores

septate

having cell walls, fungal species have hyphae that are septate

in the mushroom life cycle after two different... fuse the eukaryotic mycelium forms and is long lasting

mating types

fungi

multicellular eukaryotes that share a common mode of nutrition, saprotrophic decomposers that form a mass

the symbiotic relationship between a fungus and a plant in mycorrhizae is an example of what

mutualism

a scientist that studies fungi ie primarily called what

mycologist

what are fungal products

packaging materials antibiotics antivirals

microsporidia

phylum includes single-celled obligate, intracellular, animal parasites often seen in insects

the antibiotic penicillin and the immune system suppressant cyclosporine are both produced by what

sac

microsporidia

single celled fungi that are obligate parasites to insects and vertebrates

club fungi that parasitize cereal grains like corn and oats

smuts rust

describing chytrids

some are single celled aquatic gametes have flagella

a spore producing capsule that develops on a fungus body

sporangium

aseptate fungi

the fungi that do not have walls dividing their hyphae into distinct cellular compartments

a gourmet mycorrhizal sac fungus which in the past was located by pigs

truffle

a gourmet mycorrhizal sac fungus, which was located by pigs

truffle

budding

unicellular yeast often reproduce asexually

molds

various fungi whose body consists of a mass of hyphae that grow on and receive nourishment from organic matter such as human food and clothing

a spore that is motile because it has one or more flagella

zoospore

the correct terms for lichen that are 1. compact 2. shrub-like 3. leaf-like

1. crustose 2. fruticose 3. foliose

septa

partition or wall that divides two areas

chytrids differ from all other fungi in being aquatic and having flagellated ...... and gametes

spores

which of the following are classified as basidiomycota club fungi

stinkhorns rusts and smuts puffballs

organisms, like fungi, that release digestive enzymes into the environment and absorb the resulting organic breakdown products

saprotrophs

yeast

single-celled fungus that reproduces asexually by binary fission or budding or sexually through spore formation

in fungi, the structure that produces spores

sporangium

the fungi named for the branching invaginations that they produce when forming mycorrhizae with with plants roots

AM fungi

distinguish the fungi that are haploid , eukaryotic or diploid

Fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually. In terrestrial fungi, sexualreproduction occurs in three stages One stage, depicted in part A of the figure above, is termed haploid, at which point each cell is n Another stage, depicted in part B of the figure above, is termed dikaryotic. This stage takes its name from the term for a hypha that contains paired haploid nuclei, at which point each cell is n + n First, haploid hyphae pair up. Sometimes immediately, other times after days, months, or years, the dikaryotic hyphae make contact and fuse Upon fusion, the hyphae are at the stage represented by part C of the figure above, termed the diploid stage, at which point each cell is 2n

lichens

Lichens are a symbiotic relationship between fungi and photosynthesizing organisms, including cyanobacteria and green algae. Often, sac fungi are the fungi involved and they form relationships with cyanobacteria and green algae. Because it is now thought that the fungi are benefitted with nutrients while the cyanobacteria are harmed and nutrient-depleted, this symbiotic relationship is actually considered to be a parasitic relationship. Three types of lichens are known, including crustose lichens, which are seen on bare rocks and tree bark; fruticose lichens, which are shrublike; and foliose lichens, which are leaflike.

reproductive strategies in phylum ascomycota

The Ascomycota contain 2 main groups: sexual sac fungi, which include bakers' yeast, and asexual sac fungi, which include Candida yeast and molds. Most Ascomycota are asexual sac fungi and reproduce by budding, as seen in Candida yeast, or through the production of conidiospores as seen in molds. In contrast, in sexual sac fungi, a(n) ascus containing 2 nuclei develops within a(n) fruiting body. These nuclei fuse, creating a(n) diploid cell that undergoes meiosis to produce haploid cells. Typically at this point, the ascus swells and bursts, releasing the ascospores into the air to germinate once landed.

basidium

clublike structure in which nuclear fusion, meiosis, and basidiospore production occur during sexual reproduction of club fungi

lichen

symbiotic relationship between a fungus and either cyanobacteria or algae in which the fungi provide inorganic food or water & the algae or cyanobacteria provide organic food

which group of fungi would most likely grow on baked good black bread mold, reproduce by windblown spores in sporangia, sexual reproduction involves a thick-walled zygospore

zygospore fungi

sac fungi

fungi that produce spores in fingerlike sacs called asci within a fruiting body, includes morels, truffles, yeast & molds

the structure in which gametes form in the zygospore fungi

gametangia

in most cases during lichen reproduction, each reproduction unit contains fungal... and algal cells

hyphae

animals

ingests food contain no cell wall

a tangled mass of hyphae composing the vegetative body of a fungus

mycelium

we can assume that the evolution of fungi is tied to the colonization if the land by the plants due to the presence of what in the early land plant fossils

mycorrhizae

which of the following interactions are examples of a mutually beneficial. symbiosis with sac fungi

mycorrhizae ants with fungal gardens

spore

reproductive cell that develops into new organism without the need to fuse with another reproductive cell

ringworm, candidiasis and athlete foot are all results from infections of what fungi

sac fungi

spore

a reproductive cell that does not need to fuse with another reproductive cell in order to develop into a new organism

hypha

a single filament of vegetative body of fungus

multicellular molds and unicellular yeasts are two main morphological types of fungi in the phylum

ascomycota

ascomycota, the spores released during asexual reproduction are called conidiospores and the spores released during sexual reproduction

ascospores

the fungi that produce spores in club shaped basidia within a fruiting body are

club fungi

the specific type of spore produced by sac fungi during asexual reproduction

conidiospore

fungi

contain mycelium with hyphae cell walls contain chitin saprotrophic, absorb food

fungi and animals

eukaryotic heterotrophic stores energy as glycogen

opisthokonta

eukaryotic supergroup that contains the fungi is the supergroup

lichen characteristics

fungal partner photosynthetic partner reproduction by fragmentation heterotrophic partner

ascomycota phylum characteristics

sac fungi reproduce sexually and asexually yeasts and molds

with regard to nutrition mist members of the phylum basidiomycota

saprotroph

which of the following interactions are examples of parasitic symbiosis with sac fungi

fungi and dutch elm trees geomyces and bats

mycorrhizae

Mycorrhizae are mutualistic relationships between soil fungi and plants. Because mycorrhizae colonize the area around plant roots, they are found mostly in soil. The fungi involved typically belong to the phyla Glomeromycota or are sac fungi. Because mycorrhizae are a part of a mutualistic relationship, plantsare benefitted by increased mineral uptake while fungi are benefitted by receiving carbohydrates from plants.