Chapter 22: Genomics I: Analysis of DNA

molecular

A segment of DNA that is located at a specific site along a chromosome and that has properties that allow it to be uniquely identified using molecular tools is called a(n) ____________marker.

microsatellite

A short repetitive DNA sequence, such as a dinucleotide sequence repeated many times in a row, is called a(n) ______.

mapping

In genetics, the experimental process of determining the relative locations of genes or other DNA segments along individual chromosomes is referred to as

recombinant offspring

In linkage mapping, the distance between sites on the same chromosome is determined by calculating the frequency of ______.

its location along a chromosome

In positional cloning, a gene is cloned based on ______.

medical insurance company

The Human Genome Project had a stated goal of developing programs focused on understanding and addressing the ethical, legal, and social implications of the Human Genome Project. An example of a genetic issue is the possibility that an individual who carries a deleterious allele could be discriminated against by a(n) ______.

high throughput

The ability to rapidly sequence large amounts of DNA is called _____________-________________sequencing.

DNA from several anonymous volunteers

What was the source of DNA for the Human Genome Project?

recombinant vectors containing various fragments of chromosomal DNA.

A DNA library is a collection of ______.

artificial

A cloning vector that can accommodate a large DNA insert and behave like a chromosome when it is inside a living cell is called a(n) ______________chromosome.

metagenome

A collection of genes from an environmental sample is called a ______.

library

A collection of recombinant vectors that each contain a particular fragment of chromosomal DNA is called a DNA _________.

genes

A genome-sequencing project helps basic research scientists by providing information about which _____________a given species has.

on both sides of

A microsatellite can be amplified by PCR using primers that are located ______ the microsatellite.

genome sequencing

A research endeavor with the goal of determining the sequence of DNA bases in an organism's entire genome is called a(n) __________- _____________ project.

sequence tagged

A site that can be uniquely amplified by PCR is called a(n)___________-_______________ site, or STS.

total genetic composition.

An organism's genome is its ______.

physical

Cloning many segments of human chromosomal DNA into YACs, BACs, and cosmids was an important step in obtaining a(n)_______________map of the human genome.

different species

Comparative genomics is the study of genetic variation among ______.

analytical tools for interpreting genome information

Developing technology for the management of human genome information was one of the goals of the Human Genome Project. To meet this goal, the Human Genome project developed ______.

physical linkage cytogenetic

Geneticists use several types of mapping strategies to identify the locations of genes. The approach that relies on DNA cloning techniques and allows computation of distances in base pairs is ______________mapping. The technique that is based on recombination frequencies between genes is _____________mapping. The technique that locates genes relative to bands on chromosomes that are visible by microscopy is ______________mapping.

provide information about a species' genes make it easier to clone and characterize genes

Genome-sequencing projects benefit scientists because they ______.

linkage

Identifying and localizing millions of genetic markers was an important procedure for the Human Genome Project's goal of obtaining a genetic __________________ map of the human genome.

One

If DNA is collected from a haploid cell, how many bands will be produced by an STS that is amplified by PCR and subjected to gel electrophoresis?

researchers may not understand their growth requirements they may require the presence of a complex microbial community

Many microorganisms that live in soil, water, and the human intestinal tract are difficult to study because ______.

Cytogenetic mapping <> Determination of the locations of specific sequences relative to bands on chromosomes Linkage mapping <>Determining the relative locations of genes on a chromosome based on their frequency of genetic recombination Physical mapping <> Determining the locations of genes and other DNA sequences using DNA cloning techniques

Match each type of chromosome mapping with the correct description.

may be located close to a disease-causing gene

Molecular markers can be used to identify the location of a disease-causing gene because they ______.

cloning many segments of chromosomal DNA into BACs, YACs, and cosmids

Obtaining a physical map of the human genome was one of the goals of the Human Genome Project. Accomplishing this goal required ______.

individuals have a right to privacy regarding genetic information

One of the ethical and legal issues that has been identified as a result of the Human Genome Project is whether ______.

identifying millions of genetic markers and their locations on chromosomes

One of the goals of the Human Genome Project was to obtain a genetic linkage map of the human genome. This was accomplished by ______.

shotgun

One of the methods that is used for genome-sequencing projects involves the sequencing of randomly generated DNA fragments followed by identification of overlapping regions in the DNA sequence. This method is called_____________ sequencing.

comparative

The approach that uses information from genome projects to understand genetic variation among different populations is called _____________genomics.

is likely to be close to the gene that causes the disease.

The association of a molecular marker that is transmitted along with a genetic disease in a family pedigree indicates that the molecular marker ______.

linkage

The mapping technique that relies on the frequency of recombinant offspring for the determination of the distance between genetic loci is ____________ mapping.

cell was heterozygous for the STS

The presence of two bands corresponding to a sequence-tagged site that has been amplified by PCR and subjected to gel electrophoresis indicates that the ______.

positional

The strategy in which a gene is cloned based on its mapped location along a chromosome is called____________ cloning.

metagenomics

The study of a complex mixture of genetic material obtained from an environmental sample is called _________.

genome

The total genetic composition of an organism or species is its _____________.

father

This electrophoresis gel contains the PCR products produced from a polymorphic microsatellite. Based on the data presented here, child 3 inherited a 140-bp microsatellite from his _____________.

a 154-bp allele from her mother and a 146-bp allele from her father

This figure represents a pedigree and analysis of a polymorphic microsatellite in a family. Based on the data in the figure, child 1 inherited ______.

primers

To analyze a microsatellite sequence, a scientist must first amplify it by PCR. This requires the use of PCR_____________ that flank the repeated sequence in the microsatellite.

True

True or false: Molecular genetic technology such as gene cloning and DNA sequencing have been improved as a direct result of the efforts of the Human Genome Project.

False

True or false: The Human Genome Project used DNA from a single individual to obtain the human genome sequence.

True

True or false: The Human Genome project developed tools to enable scientists to access and interpret data from the genome project.

Determining the locations of genes along individual chromosomes

What does the term mapping mean in the context of genetics?

A collection of genes from an environmental sample

What is a metagenome?

A short DNA sequence repeated many times in a row

What is a microsatellite?

A segment of DNA that can be uniquely identified using molecular tools

What is a molecular marker?

A DNA sequence that can be amplified uniquely by PCR

What is a sequence-tagged site?

A cloning vector that can accept large DNA inserts and be passed on like a chromosome in a living cell

What is an artificial chromosome?

The ability to rapidly sequence large amounts of DNA

What is high-throughput sequencing?

The study of a complex mixture of genetic material from an environmental sample

What is metagenomics?

To determine the DNA sequence of the entire genome of a given species

What is the goal of a genome-sequencing project?

Improvements in cloning technology Sequence data for the 22 human autosomes Improved DNA sequencing technology Improvements in software for accessing and analyzing sequence data Sequence data for the human X and Y chromosomes

What outcomes have already resulted from the Human Genome Project?

Physical mapping

Which mapping strategy involves cloning many pieces of DNA and characterizing their sizes and relative locations along a chromosome?

Identification of the microbes in complex microbial communities Discovery of products synthesized by microbes, such as new antibiotics Identification of viruses in environmental samples that can infect humans

Which of the following are applications of metagenomics?

Random DNA fragments are sequenced, and overlapping parts of the sequence are identified.

Which of the following is an accurate description of shotgun sequencing?

Cloning fragments of chromosomal DNA

Which of the following processes is used for physical mapping?

They are difficult to culture.

Why are microbes that live in water, soil, and the human intestinal tract difficult to study in the laboratory?