chapter 22 mylab & quiz questions
The upper forelimbs of humans and bats have fairly similar skeletal structures, whereas the corresponding bones in whales have very different shapes and proportions. However, genetic data suggest that all three kinds of organisms diverged from a common ancestor at about the same time. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for these data?
Natural selection in an aquatic environment resulted in significant changes to whale forelimb anatomy.
Which statement best describes the distinction between evolution and natural selection?
Natural selection is a mechanism that explains how evolution occurs.
A particular antibiotic kills 99% of a bacterial population. What will be the result of the continued application of this antibiotic?
Over time, the antibiotic will become less effective at killing the bacteria.
Which of the following is not an observation or inference on which natural selection is based?
Poorly adapted individuals never produce offspring.
Which of the following are lines of evidence that support the theory of evolution by natural selection?
homologous structures, convergent evolution, artificial selection
DNA sequences in many human genes are very similar to the sequences of corresponding genes in chimpanzees. The most likely explanation for this result is that
humans and chimpanzees share a relatively recent common ancestor.
From his observations of organisms in the Galapagos islands, Darwin reasoned that _____.
organisms had adapted to new environments, giving rise to new species
Charles Darwin _____.
proposed natural selection as the mechanism of evolution
Which of the following contributes the LEAST to the problem of antibiotic resistance?
taking the entire course of antibiotics as prescribed by the doctor
Charles Darwin discovered the theory of evolution. (true/false)
false
Which of the following are examples of homologous structures?
- Similar bone structure of the human forearm, whale flipper, and bat wing - DNA of all organisms contains A, T, C, and G nucleotides - AUG codes for methionine in all eukaryotic organisms.
In the projected video showing the growth of bacteria, why did the bacteria grow up to the edge of the area with antibiotics, pause, then continue to grow across the area with antibiotics?
A few bacteria experienced random mutations in their DNA, which allowed some of them to grow even though antibiotics were present.
Which of the following correctly describes what the video referred to as a "microbial cure"?
Antibiotics are used to kill all of the infectious bacteria in a person.
Over time, bacteria have become increasingly resistant to antibiotics. Which of the following best explains this in terms of natural selection?
Bacteria that happen to have natural resistance to antibiotics survived and reproduced.
What happened in the soapberry bug population in central Florida when the bugs began to feed on seeds from the goldenrain tree fruits which are much closer to the fruit surface?
Bugs with shorter beaks had more access to food, allowing them to produce more offspring.
How did the finches on the Galapagos islands help Darwin develop his ideas about natural selection?
Darwin realized that different environmental conditions and food resources on the different islands had led to different adaptations and eventually the evolution of new finch species on the islands.
How did Darwin's reading of Thomas Malthus's work on human demography influence his thinking about evolution and natural selection?
Darwin realized that limited availability of resources in nature could drive competition for survival among members of a population.
Soapberry bugs use needlelike "beaks" to feed on seeds within the fruits of various plants. Bugs feed most successfully when their beak length matches the size of the fruit on which they are feeding. For 25 years, populations of soapberry bugs in central Florida have been feeding on small goldenrain tree fruits that were introduced to the area, rather than on the larger native balloon vine fruits that serve as food for other soapberry bug populations. Beak lengths of soapberry bugs are variable, but the average beak length is shorter in soapberry bug populations that feed on goldenrain tree fruits than in populations that feed on balloon vine fruits, as shown in the graph. How does natural selection act on beak length in soapberry bug populations?
The action of natural selection on beak length in soapberry bug populations varies with the environment.
A group of small fish live in a lake with a uniformly light-brown sandy bottom. Most of the fish are light brown, but about 10% are mottled. This fish species is often prey for large birds that live on the shore. A construction company dumps a load of gravel in the bottom of the lake, giving it a mottled appearance. Which of these statements presents the most accurate prediction of what will happen to this fish population?
The proportion of mottled fish will increase over time.
What is the concern about using antibacterial and antimicrobial soaps?
The use of any chemical that kills bacteria can eventually lead to resistance to that chemical in the population of bacteria.
Microevolution is a very slow process. It's not possible for individual scientists to witness it and measure it in the field. (true/false)
false
Which one of the following researchers developed a theory of evolution that was very similar to Charles Darwin's?
Wallace
An adaptation is _____.
a trait that gives an organism a reproductive advantage in the current environment
In the video, what does the UK's Chief Medical Officer suggest for promoting the development of new antibiotics?
encouraging big pharmaceutical companies to start investing again in new drug research and development
A phenotype is the genetic composition of an individual for a particular trait. (true/false)
false
