Chapter 22 Review

By 1750, all of the following regions were linked by trade and commerce EXCEPT

Australia.

As a result of the Seven Years' War, Britain gained all the following EXCEPT

Cape Town from the Dutch.

Which trading post is NOT correctly paired with a European power?

Hormuz and England

Which of the following statements is true regarding the Seven Years' War?

It was a global war fought in multiple theaters.

Which region is incorrectly paired with a primary trade good?

Japan and spices

The center for Spanish commercial activity in Asia during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries was

Manila.

The earliest trading-post empires were built by

Portuguese mariners.

Which of the following was NOT a significant presence in the Indian Ocean by the mid-eighteenth century?

Russia

The largest and most challenging frontier conquered by the early Russian empire was

Siberia.

What was one of the two main advantages held by the English and Dutch merchants over their adversaries in building trading-post empires?

They conducted trade through an efficient form of organization: the joint-stock company.

The sea route to the Indian Ocean discovered by Vasco da Gama offered European merchants

a chance to buy goods directly from Indian merchants.

Portuguese sailors were able to tack against the prevailing winds by using

a combination of square and lateen sails.

European and Arab mariners in the fifteenth century determined latitude by measuring the angle of the sun or pole star above the horizon with

an astrolabe or cross staff.

The Manila galleons were noted for

carrying large cargoes between Mexico and the Philippines.

By the early eighteenth century, the most important trade commodities in Asia were

cotton and tea.

How significant were the effects of epidemic disease introduced by Europeans into the Americas and the Pacific islands from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century?

devastating, causing upward of 100 million deaths

The English East India Company and the VOC were privately owned companies that enjoyed all of the following advantages EXCEPT

direct government supervision.

The Dutch in Indonesia concentrated their efforts on

dominating the spice trade through the Sunda Strait.

By the mid-fifteenth century, Portuguese mariners used a strategy called the volta do mar that

enabled them to sail with westerly winds rather than force their way against trade winds.

Christopher Columbus believed that by sailing west 2,500 nautical miles from the Canary Islands he would

find a direct and profitable route to Japan.

In spite of the isolation and harsh climate, Russians ventured over the Urals into Siberia in search of

furs.

In Eurasia, new American food crops translated into

overall improvements in diet and nutrition. steady population growth in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. more varied cuisine. better forage for livestock.

Which of the following was NOT one of the major motivations for European exploration of the world's oceans?

population pressures in Europe

The "Columbian exchange" refers to

the diffusion of plants, diseases, animals, and humans after Columbus's voyages.

By 1800, European exploration of the Pacific Ocean resulted in all of the following EXCEPT

the discovery of a northwest passage from Europe to Asia.

Ferdinand Magellan is best known as

the first navigator to embark on a successful voyage of circumnavigation.

What was the main short-term effect of Columbus's voyages to the Americas?

the hundreds of European mariners who followed.

In the New World, the Columbian exchange generally resulted in

the introduction of infectious diseases. the staggering loss of indigenous populations. the introduction of domesticated animals such as cattle and horses. the introduction of food crops such as wheat.

Spanish forces were able to conquer the Philippines because of

the lack of a centralized, powerful state to organize resistance.

Smallpox, influenza, and measles spread rapidly in the Americas because of

the lack of previous exposure, which would have built natural immunity.

The most important pieces of navigational equipment on board European ships used for long-range exploratory voyages were

the magnetic compass and astrolabe

Portuguese mariners succeeded in building a trading-post empire early in the sixteenth century for all of the following reasons EXCEPT

the superiority of the Portuguese navy over English and Dutch forces.