Chapter 22 tem2
5.What was Gustave Flaubert's contribution to this history?
5. In his masterpiece, Madame Bovary (1857), Flaubert tells the ordinary story of a frustrated middle-class housewife who has an adulterous love affair and is betrayed by her lover. Without moralizing, Flaubert portrays the provincial middle-class as petty, smug, and hypocritical.
2.After years of scientific investigation and reflection, what did Charles Darwin conclude?
2. Darwin concluded that all life had gradually evolved from a common ancestral origin in an unending "struggle for survival." His theory of evolution stresses gradual change and continuous adjustment. Darwin believed the variations that prove useful in the struggle for survival are selected naturally, and they gradually spread to the entire species through reproduction.
6.What is the core concept of Social Darwinism?
6. The human race as being driven by an unending economic struggle that would determine the survival of the fittest. The poor were the ill-fated weak; the prosperous were the chosen strong. Imperialists used Social Darwinist ideas to justify the rule of the "advanced" West over their colonial subjects and territories.
7.How did realist writers fit within the glorification of science during this history?
7. They forsake the personal, emotional viewpoint of the romantics for strict, supposedly scientific objectivity. Realists observed and recorded the world around them - often to expose the reality of modern life (they would use scientific language).
8.Why did social scientists develop statistical methods to test their theories?
8. Social scientists developed statistical methods to test their theories to better understand society; they were fascinated by the rise of capitalism and modernity. They used critical methods to study massive sets of numerical date that governments had begun to collect on everything from children to crime and from population to prostitution.
9.What was Tolstoy's central message in War and Peace?
9. War and Peace (1864-1869) was a monumental novel set against the background of Napoleon's invasion of Russia in 1812. Tolstoy developed his realistic theory of human history, which regards free will as an allusion and the achievements of even the greatest leaders a only the channeling of historical necessity. Tolstoy's central message is human love, trust, and everyday family ties as life's enduring values.
3.What impact did electricity have on commercial energy, communications, and manufacturing?
3. Electricity was transformed by a century of tremendous technological advancement. It became a commercial form of energy, first used in communication (the telegraph, which spurred quick international communication), then in electrochemistry (refining aluminum), and in central power generation (for lighting, transportation, and industrial mottos). By 1890 the internal combustion engine fueled by petroleum was an emerging competitor to steam and electricity alike.
4.What were the arguments of Max Weber?
4. Weber argued that the rise of capitalism was directly linked to Protestantism in northern Europe. He concluded that Protestantism gave religious approval to hard work, saving and investing - the foundations for capitalist development- because worldly success was a sign of God's approval. Ideas were just as important as economics or class struggle in the rise of capitalism; his arguments challenged the basic ideas of Marxism.
1.What was the flaw in Lamarck's theory of evolution?
1. Lamarck asserted that all forms of life had arisen through a long process of continuous adjustment to the environment. Lamarck falsely believed that the characteristics parents acquired in the course of their lives could be inherited by their children - this view was not accepted.
10.What was the Second Industrial Revolution?
10. The Second Industrial Revolution was a burst of industrial creativity and technological innovation that promoted strong economic growth in the last third of the 19th century that drove the urban reforms and the rising standard of living.