Chapter 23

Mohandas Gandhi

India / 1869-1948 / The most widely recognized and admired figure in the global struggle against colonial rule / Mohandas Gandhi, born in India in 1869, is the most widely recognized and admired figure in the global struggle against colonial rule.

Indian National Congress

India / 1885 / Association of English-educated Indians / The Indian National Congress was established in the year 1885 and was an association of English-educated Indians drawn overwhelmingly from regionally prominent high-caste Hindu families.

Jawaharlal Nehru

India / 1889-1964 / Chief Lieutenant to Gandhi / Jawaharlal Nehru was the Chief Lieutenant to Gandhi, and, unlike Gandhi, Nehru embraced science, technology, and industry.

Satyagraha

India / 1893 / Truth force / Satyagraha was the political philosophy of Gandhi, which meant truth force.

All-India Muslim League

India / 1906 / Contradiction of the INC / The All-India Muslim League was a contradiction of the India National Congress and was formed in early 1906.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

India / 1906 / Leader of the All-India Muslim League / Muhammad Ali Jinnah was the leader of the All-India Muslim League who argued that parts of India that had a Muslim majority should have a separate political status.

Ayatollah Ruholla Khomenini

Iran / 1902-1989 / High-ranking Shia cleric / Ayatollah Ruholla Khomenini was a high-ranking Shia cleric who was the emerging leader of the Islamic revolution in Iran.

Shah Muhammad Reza Pahlavi

Iran / 1941-1979 / Ruler of Iran / Shah Muhammad Reza Pahlavi as the ruler of Iran from 1941-1979 and during his rule, Iran had undertaken what many saw as quite successful modernization effort.

Mustafa Kemal Ataturk

Turkey / 1881-1938 / General of the Ottoman Empire / Mustafa Kemal Ataturk was the General of the Ottoman Empire during World War I.

National self-determination

All civilizations / 1914-present / Belief that humankind was naturally divided into distinct peoples / National self-determination was a novel idea that humankind was naturally divided into distinct peoples or nations, each of which deserved an independent state of its own.

Decolonization

Colonies around the world / 1914-present / Struggle for independence / Decolonization was the struggle for independence for colonies starting in 1914.

Boer Wars

South Africa / 1899-1902 / War in South Africa / The Boer War was the fight for independence from a British ruled South Africa, which resulted in a sense of difference and antagonism lingering.

Afrikaners

South Africa / 1910 / Politically dominant section of the white community in South Africa / The Afrikaners were the politically dominant section of the white community in South Africa and were also known as Boers.

African National Congress

South Africa / 1912 / South African Congress / The African National Congress is like the Indian National Congress, and was led by educated, professional, and middle-class Africans who sought not to overthrow the existing order, but to be accepted as "civilized men" within it.

"Native reserves"

South Africa / 1948 / Ethnic homelands in South Africa / Native reserves, or Bantustans, served as ethnic homelands that kept Africans divided along tribal lines.

Apartheid

South Africa / 1948 / Separation of Blacks and Whites in South Africa / The Apartheid was an attempt to separate blacks from whites in every conceivable way while retaining Africans' labor power in the white controlled economy.

Nelson Mandela

South Africa / 1950s / Leader of ANC / Nelson Mandela was the leader of the ANC beginning in the 1950s, and broadened the base of the ANC's support and launched non-violent civil disobedience.

Black consciousness movement

South Africa / 1960 / Effort to foster pride, unity, and political awareness in South Africa / The Black Consciousness Movement was an effort to foster pride, unity, and political awareness in South Africa.

Inkatha Freedom Party

South Africa / 1975 / Zulu-based party / The Inkatha Freedom Party was a Zulu-based threat to the unity of the nationalist struggle in South Africa because of their separatist tendencies.

Soweto rebellion

South Africa / 1976 / Rebellion in South Africa / The Soweto rebellion was caused by the government deciding to enforce education for the Africans in the hated language of the white Afrikaners rather than English.