Chapter 23 A&P

If the total pressure of a mixture of gases was 760 mm Hg and its composition is 20% oxygen, 0.04% carbon dioxide, 75% nitrogen, and 5% water vapor, then the partial pressure of oxygen would be

152 mm Hg

Arrange the following in order from highest to lowest PO2. (1) PO2 of pulmonary veins (2) PO2 of pulmonary artery (3) PO2 of alveolar air

3, 1, 2

Which of the following laryngeal cartilages are paired? (1) epiglottis (2) thyroid cartilage (3) corniculate cartilage (4) arytenoid cartilage (5) cuneiform cartilage (6) cricoid cartilage

3, 4, 5

Calculate the alveolar ventilation if the tidal volume is 500 mL, the respiratory rate is 12, and the anatomical dead space is 100 mL

4800 mL

Air in the pleural cavity is called

A pneumothorax

Which of the following individuals will have the highest vital capacity?

A well-trained athlete (male or female)

Which of the following muscles increases the volume of the thorax during a normal inhalation? (1) diaphragm (2) external intercostals (3) internal intercostals (4) rectus abdominis

A. 1, 2

As acidity increases, how does this affect the affinity of hemoglobin for the oxygen it carries?

A. Oxyhemoglobin affinity decreases

Gas exchange between the air in the lungs and the blood takes place in the

A. alveoli.

The walls of the alveoli

A. are composed of simple squamous epithelium.

During swallowing, the opening into the larynx is covered by the

A. epiglottis.

The pitch of the sound produced by the vocal folds is controlled by the

A. frequency of the vibrations.

Ventilation refers to the

A. movement of air into and out of the lungs.

Whenever people cry, their nose runs. This is because the _____ drain tears into the nose.

A. nasolacrimal ducts

Which of the following structures opens directly into the nasal cavity?

A. paranasal sinuses

Mr. Jones has a blood pH of 7.00 and a temperature of 100.5°F. His oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve would

A. shift to the right, causing more O2 to be released to his cells.

The diameter of bronchioles can change because their walls contain

A. smooth muscle.

Which of the following is NOT a process of respiration?

A. voice production

The volume of air available for gas exchange per minute is called the

Alveolar ventilation

Normally, the partial pressure of oxygen gas is higher in the

Alveoli

Which of the following statements is true?

As alveolar volume increases, alveolar pressure (P alv) decreases

Which of the following statements regarding the lungs is correct?

B. The left lung contains two lobes while the right lung contains three lobes.

What type of cells make up about 90% of the alveolar surface?

B. Type I pneumocytes

Which of the following statements concerning the larynx is correct?

B. When the glottis closes, air is prevented from leaving the lungs.

What is the function of the ciliated epithelium of the tracheobronchial tree?

B. a mucus-cilia escalator

The respiratory zone of the tracheobronchial tree includes which of the following?

B. alveoli

What occurs at the respiratory membrane?

B. gas exchange between the air and blood takes place

External respiration refers to

B. gas exchange between the lungs and the blood.

The trachea

B. has "C" shaped cartilages that form its anterior and lateral sides.

The portion of the pharynx that extends from the internal nares to the level of the uvula is the

B. nasopharynx.

Which of the following is part of the upper respiratory tract?

B. pharynx

Constriction of smooth muscle in the bronchioles

B. restricts the flow of air into the lungs.

Each lobe of each lung is supplied by a

B. secondary bronchus.

The largest of the laryngeal cartilages is the

B. thyroid cartilage.

Whose law explains that an increase in volume causes a decrease in pressure?

Boyle's Law

Oxygenated blood is carried to the tissues of the lungs via the

Bronchial arteries

Arrange the following structures in the order air passes through them during inhalation: (1) alveolar ducts (2) alveolus (3) respiratory bronchiole (4) terminal bronchiole

C. 4, 3, 1, 2

What type of alveolar cells produce surfactant?

C. Type II pneumocytes

The ring of cartilage that forms the base of the larynx is the

C. cricoid cartilage.

Contraction of the _______ will increase the superior-inferior dimension of the thoracic cavity.

C. diaphragm

Which of the following is NOT a function of the pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium of the nasal cavity?

C. exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide

When people aspirate liquids or food into their lungs, the liquid or food most commonly enters the right lung rather than the left lung. This is because the right primary bronchus is __________ than the left primary bronchus.

C. more vertical

The auditory tubes open into the

C. nasopharynx.

Which of the following is a passageway for both air and food?

C. pharynx

A person has severe damage or disease in the upper area of their right lung. Surgery is necessary. The doctor would need to remove

C. the apical bronchopulmonary segment of the right lung.

False

Contraction of the respiratory muscles are responsible for the movement of air out of the lungs in quiet expiration

From largest to smallest, the correct sequence for the following passageways is

D. bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveoli.

Internal respiration refers to

D. gas exchange between the blood and body tissues.

What is the function of the nasal conchae?

D. increases turbulence and surface area for cleaning, warming and moisturizing the air

A molecule of air enters the nose through the external nares. Which of the following is the correct pathway to the trachea?

D. nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea

A protective function of the respiratory system would be

D. preventing microorganisms from entering the body.

Which of the following is NOT part of the respiratory membrane?

D. thick layer of mucus lining the alveolus

Of the following structures, the largest in diameter is the

D. trachea.

Whose law explains why a gas will move from one area to another area?

Daltons Law

During inspiration, contraction of the diaphragm causes the volume of Mr. Jones' thoracic cavity you're increase and the pleural pressure to decrease. The pressure in his alveoli (P alv) will

Decrease below atmospheric pressure (Pb), causing air to move into his lungs

Surfactant facilitates alveolar ventilation by

Decreasing the surface tension between water molecules on the lining of the alveoli

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged across the respiratory membrane by the process of

Diffusion

The nasal septum

E. divides the nose into right and left chambers.

The olfactory epithelium responsible for the sense of smell is located in the

E. roof of the nasal cavity.

When air passes through the glottis, which structures vibrate to produce sound?

E. vocal folds (cords)

When these ligaments or folds come together, they prevent food from entering the lower respiratory tract.

E. vocal folds and vestibular folds

Which of the following functions is associated with the nose?

E. warming the air and producing mucus to trap debris from the air

Which of the following statements concerning the lungs and pleura is true?

Each lung is suspended in a separate pleural cavity

In which of the following situations is compliance greatest?

Emphysema

What is the volume of air that can be forcibly expired after expiration of the tidal volume?

Expiratory reserve volume

Which of the following increases the rate of gas exchange across the respiratory membrane?

Increased surface area of the respiratory membrane

Mr. Huff and Puff is getting ready to blow up a pool float because he can't find the air pump. He takes a big breath in after exhaling normally. The air he takes in is the

Inspiratory capacity

What factors are responsible for the decrease in the volume of the alveoli?

Lung recoil and surface tension of water

Which of the following factors keeps the alveoli expanded?

Negative pleural pressure

Expiration during quiet breathing

Occurs when the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax

The serous membrane that surrounds the lungs are called the

Pleural membranes

Mr. Huff and Puff exhales normally; then, using forced expiration, he exhales as much air as possible. The volume of air still remaining in his lungs is called

Residual volume

As temperature increases, how would this affect the oxyhemoglobin-dissociation curve?

Shift it to the right

Which of the following is NOT a function of the respiratory system?

Taste

Why is transfused blood discarded after about 6 weeks of storage?

The BPG levels are too low for adequate release of oxygen to tissues.

How does carbon monoxide affect RBCs?

The hemoglobin within the RBC bind to carbon monoxide

Physiological dead air space is anatomic dead space plus

The volume of any alveoli where gas exchange is diminished

When the inspiration muscles contract,

Thoracic volume increases

The volume of air inspired or expired with each breath is the

Tidal volume

Increasing ventilation will increase the PO2 and decrease the PCO2, which promotes gas exchange

True

The lungs have

Two blood flow routes and two lymphatic supplies

What type of alveolar cells produce surfactant?

Type II pneumocytes

For air to flow into or out of the lungs, there must be

a pressure gradient established between the atmosphere and the alveoli

Oxygen diffusion from the alveolus to the pulmonary capillary occurs because

alveolar PO2 is greater than capillary PO2.

Which of the following respiratory membrane layers is closest to air in the alveolus?

alveolar fluid (with surfactant)

In which of the following sequences does PO2 progressively decrease?

atmospheric air, blood in aorta, body tissues

Most oxygen is carried in the blood _____; but most carbon dioxide is _______

bound to hemoglobin; associated with bicarbonate ions in the plasma

Carbon dioxide is more soluble in water than is oxygen. Which gas has the higher rate of diffusion?

carbon dioxide

Pulmonary edema will cause the rate of gas diffusion to

decrease

Oxygen is transported in the blood

dissolved in plasma and bound to hemoglobin

The Bohr effect refers to the

effect of pH on the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve

Which of the following will cause a decrease in the surface area of the respiratory membrane?

emphysema

During expiration, the alveolar pressure must be

greater than atmospheric pressure

A decrease in the surface area of the respiratory membrane will cause the diffusion rate to

increase

Hemoglobin that has oxygen attached is called

oxyhemoglobin

Which of the following results in an increase in shunted blood (blood not completely oxygenated)?

pulmonary edema

When 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (BPG) levels increase, hemoglobin

releases more oxygen to tissues.

During exercise, the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve

shifts to the right

Which of the following is NOT a factor that influences the rate of gas diffusion through the respiratory membrane?

the temperature of the gases

As the result of an asthmatic attack,

ventilation is inadequate to oxygenate blood.