Chapter 23 Respiratory System

Which of the following is a passageway for air and food? * A) Pharynx B) Larynx C) Paranasal sinuses D) Trachea E) Esophagus

A. Pharynx

Where is the rhythmicity center for respiration?

in the medulla

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells

Which tissue provides the functions of the inner layer of the conducting organs?

The point where the trachea divides into right and left primary bronchi is a ridge called: * A) Carina B) Secondary bronchioles C) Parietal pleura D) Visceral pleura E) Diaphragm

A. Carina

Exhalation begins when * A) Inspiratory muscles relax B) Diaphragm contracts C) Blood circulation is the lowest D) Inspiratory muscles relax and the diaphragm contracts E) All of the above

A. Inspiratory muscles relax

In chronic emphysema, some alveoli merge together and some are replaced with fibrous connective tissue. In addition, the bronchioles are often inflamed, and expiratory volume is reduced. Using proper respiratory system terminology, explain at least four reasons why affected individuals will have problems with ventilation and external respiration.

Answers could include: reduced compliance (reduces ability to increase thoracic volume); increased airway resistance (decreases tidal volume); decreased diffusion due to increased diffusion distance, decreased surface area, and changes in partial pressures of gases (altering gradients). Other answers may be acceptable.

These are triangular pieces of mostly hyaline cartilage located at the posterior and superior border of the cricoid cartilage. A) Corniculate cartilage B) Arytenoids cartilage C) Cricotracheal cartilage D) Cuneiform cartilage E) Laryngeal cartilage

B. Arytenoids cartilage

This structure prevents food or water from entering the trachea. A) Arytenoid cartilage B) Epiglottis C) Nasopharynx D) Thyroid cartilage E) Paranasal sinus

B. Epiglottis

This is the sum of the residual and the expiratory reserve volume. A) Total lung capacity B) Functional residual capacity C) Inspiratory capacity D) Vital capacity E) Minimal volume

B. Functional residual capacity

This is direction of diffusion of gases at capillaries near systemic cells. * A) Oxygen into blood, Carbon dioxide into blood B) Oxygen out of blood, Carbon dioxide into blood C) Oxygen into blood, Carbon dioxide out of blood D) Oxygen out of blood, Carbon dioxide out of blood E) None of the above is correct.

B. Oxygen out of blood, Carbon dioxide into blood

These are cells of the alveoli that produce surfactant. * A) Type I alveolar cells B) Type II alveolar cells C) Type III alveolar cells D) Surface cells E) Macrophages

B. Type II alveolar cells

Which of the below tissues provides the functions of the inner layer of the conducting organs? A) stratified squamous epithelium with keratin B) ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells C) cilated cuboidal epithelium with goblet cells D) transitional epithelium with cilia E) columnar connective tissue with goblet cells

B. ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells

Pitch is controlled by A) vibration of the vocal chords. B) tension of the vocal chords. C) layers of cartilage in the vocal chords. D) arrangement of the vocal chords. E) None of the above

B. tension of the vocal chords.

When blood pH drops then the amount of oxyhemoglobin _______ and oxygen delivery to the tissue cells ________________.* A) increases, increases B) Increases, decreases C) Decreases, increases D) Decreases, decreases E) Does not change, does not change

C. Decreases, increases

This means the lungs and the chest wall expand easily. A) High surface tension B) Low surface tension C) High compliance D) Low compliance E) None of the above

C. High compliance

This is the primary gas exchange site. * A) Trachea B) Bronchiole C) Nasal sinuses D) Alveolus E) Bronchus

D. Alveolus

Which of the following is not part of the upper respiratory system? * A) Nose B) Oral cavity C) Pharynx D) Trachea E) Nasal meatuses

D. Trachea

Which is the dominant method of carbon dioxide transport? * A) Bound to hemoglobin B) Bound to oxygen C) Dissolved in plasma as a gas D) Dissolved in plasma as bicarbonate ions E) Diffusion

Dissolved in plasma as bicarbonate ions

pharynx

During swallowing, which structure rises?

Which of the following is not a factor that the rate of pulmonary and systemic gas exchange depends on? A) Partial pressure difference of the gases B) Surface area for gas exchange C) Diffusion distance D) Molecular weight and solubility of the gases E) Force of contraction of diaphragm

E. Force of contraction of diaphragm

Which is a factor that does NOT affect hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen? * A) pH of blood B) Partial pressure of the oxygen C) Amount of oxygen available D) Temperature E) Respiratory rate

E. Respiratory rate

Describe the inward forces of elastic recoil, and explain why the lungs do not normally collapse during expiration.

Elastic recoil is the recoil of elastic fibers stretched during inspiration and the pull of the surface tension of alveolar fluid. Intrapleural pressure is always subatmospheric during normal breathing, which tends to pull lungs outward and to keep alveolar pressure from equalizing with atmospheric pressure. Surfactant in alveolar fluid decreases surface tension to help prevent collapse.

inspiratory muscles relax

Exhalation begins when

The opening to the pharynx from the mouth is called A) Palatine B) Hypopharynx C) Meatuses D) Fauces E) Vestibule

Fauces

Which of the below tissues maintains open airways in the lower respiratory system? A) Stratified squamous epithelium with keratin B) Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells C) Hyaline cartilage D) Mucus membrane E) Bone

Hyaline cartilage

The conducting zone does NOT act to A) clean air of debris. B) conduct air into the lungs. C) add water to air. D) warm air. E) It does all of the above.

It does all of the above

This is direction of diffusion of gases at the alveoli of the lungs. * A) Oxygen into blood , Carbon dioxide into blood B) Oxygen out of blood , Carbon dioxide into blood C) Oxygen into blood , Carbon dioxide out of blood D) Oxygen out of blood , Carbon dioxide out of blood E) None of the above is correct.

Oxygen into blood , Carbon dioxide out of blood

During swallowing, which structure rises? A) Pharynx B) esophagus C) Trachea D) Palatine tonsils E) Primary bronchi

Pharynx

tension of the vocal chords

Pitch is controlled by

Which of the below tissues forms the exchange surfaces of the alveolus? * A) Stratified squamous epithelium B) Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells C) Simple squamous epithelium D) Hyaline cartilage E) Columnar connective tissue with goblet cells

Simple squamous epithelium

respiratory dead space

The conducting airways with the air that does not undergo respiratory exchange are known as the

does all of these choices

The conducting zone does NOT act to A) Clean air of debris B) Conduct air into the lungs C) Add water to air D) Warm air E) Does all of these choices

choanae

The nose connects with the pharynx through the

fauces

The opening to the pharynx from the mouth is called

carina

The point where the trachea divides into right and left primary bronchi is a ridge called

type II alveolar cells

These are cells of the alveoli that produce surfactant.

arytenoids cartilage

These are triangular pieces of mostly hyaline cartilage located at the posterior and superior border of the cricoid cartilage.

sighing

This is a long drawn and deep inhalation immediately followed by a shorter but forceful exhalation:

sobbing

This is a series of convulsive inhalations followed by a single prolonged exhalation. The rima glottidis closes earlier than normal after each inhalation so only a little air enters the lung with each inhalation:

oxygen out of blood, carbon dioxide into blood

This is direction of diffusion of gases at capillaries near systemic cells.

oxygen into blood, carbon dioxide out of blood

This is direction of diffusion of gases at the alveoli of the lungs.

trachea

This is located anterior to the esophagus and carries air to the bronchi.

alveolus

This is the primary gas exchange site.

functional residual capacity

This is the sum of the residual and the expiratory reserve volume.

high compliance

This means the lungs and the chest wall expand easily

epiglottis

This structure prevents food or water from entering the trachea

This is located anterior to the esophagus and carries air to the bronchi. * A) Trachea B) Larynx C) Nasopharynx D) Pharynx E) None of the above

Trachea

This is a forced exhalation against the closed rima glottidis as may occur during periods of straining while defecating:

Valsalvar maneuver

pharynx

What is a passageway for air, food and water?

decreases, increases

When blood pH drops then the amount of oxyhemoglobin ________ and oxygen delivery to the tissue cells _________.

E. respiratory rate

Which is a factor that does NOT affect hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen? A) pH of blood B) Partial pressure of the oxygen C) Amount of oxygen available D) Temperature E) Respiratory rate

dissolved in plasma as bicarbonate ions

Which is the dominant method of carbon dioxide transport?

E. force of contraction of diaphragm

Which of the following is NOT a factor that the rate of pulmonary and systemic gas exchange depends on? A) Partial pressure difference of the gases B) Surface area for gas exchange C) Diffusion distance D) Molecular weight and solubility of the gases E) Force of contraction of diaphragm

D. Trachea

Which of the following is NOT part of the upper respiratory system? A) Nose B) Oral cavity C) Pharynx D) Trachea E) Nasal meatuses

simple squamous epithelium

Which tissue forms the exchange surfaces of the alveolus?

hyaline cartilage

Which tissue maintains open airways in the lower respiratory system?

Which of the following affect(s) the release of oxygen from hemoglobin? A) partial pressure of oxygen B) temperature C) acidity D) carbon dioxide in the tissue E) all of the above.

all of the above.

The conducting airways with the air that does not undergo gas exchange are known as the A) inspiratory volume. B) expiratory reserve volume. C) minimal volume. D) residual volume. E) anatomic dead space.

anatomic dead space.

Carbon monoxide: A) binds weakly to amino acids within hemoglobin B) binds to the heme group of hemoglobin C) binds more strongly to the heme than oxygen does D) binds weakly to amino acids within hemoglobin and binds to the heme group of hemoglobin E) binds to the heme group of hemoglobin and binds more strongly to the heme than oxygen does

binds to the heme group of hemoglobin and binds more strongly to the heme than oxygen does

This is a long drawn and deep inhalation followed by a complete closure of the rima glottidis, which results in a strong exhalation, pushing the rima glottidis open and sending a blast of air through the upper respiratory passages:

coughing

This is an inhalation followed by many short convulsive exhalations during which the rima glottidis remains open and the vocal folds vibrate, accompanied by characteristic facial expressions:

crying

This is a spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm followed by spasmodic closure of the rima glottidis, which produces a sharp sound on inhalation:

hiccuping

The exchange of gases between blood in the systemic capillaries and tissue cells is called * A) pulmonary ventilation. B) internal respiration. C) external respiration. D) expiration. E) inspiration.

internal respiration.

This is an inhalation followed by many short convulsive exhalations during which the rima glottidis remains open and the vocal folds vibrate, accompanied by characteristic facial expressions:

laughing

The basic rhythm of respiration is controlled by the * A) pons. B) medulla oblongata. C) hypothalamus. D) pneumotaxic area. E) apneustic area.

medulla oblongata.

This is a spasmodic contraction of the muscles of exhalation that forcefully expels air through the nose and mouth:

sneezing

For air to enter the lungs during inhalation * A) the pressure inside the lungs must become lower than the atmospheric pressure. B) the pressure inside the lungs must be higher than the atmospheric pressure. C) the pressure inside the lungs must be equal to the atmospheric pressure. D) the size of the lungs must be decreased. E) the diaphragm has to be relaxed.

the pressure inside the lungs must become lower than the atmospheric pressure.

With which body system does the respiratory system work to regulate the pH of body fluids?

urinary

This is a deep inhalation through a widely opened mouth producing an exaggerated depression of the mandible, the precise cause of which is unknown:

yawning