Chapter 23: Respiratory System

The trachea descends through the neck into the ____ from the ___ to the main bronchi.

mediastinum; larynx

The auditory tubes connect the nasopharynx to the ____ ear.

middle

The higher the solubility coefficient the ___ gas dissolves in a liquid.

more

A protein that increases the viscosity of mucous to more effectively trap inhaled particles is called ____.

mucin

The mucosa in the respiratory system is also known as the _____ membrane.

mucous

Gas "conditioning" is facilitated by the twisted pathways through the ____ ____ as this means the air gets to stay longer.

nasal cavity

The ____ ____ divides the nasal cavity into left and right portions.

nasal septum

The ____ is the main conducting airway for inhaled air.

nose

The nasal cavity extends from the ____ to the _____.

nostrils, choanae

The ____ receptors are stimulated when airborne molecules are inhaled and dissolved in the mucus covering the ___ epithelium.

olfactory; olfactory

The relationship between the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood and the amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin is described by the _____-_______ _______ curve.

oxygen-hemoglobin saturation

4 bones of the skull contain paired air spaces called _____ ____ that help to lighten the heavy load of the head.

paranasal sinuses

While ventilation involves movement of gases down total pressure gradients, gas exchange involves movement of gases down ____ ___ gradients.

partial pressure

The symbol "PO2" is used to indicate the ____ ____ ___ ____.

partial pressure of oxygen

The nasopharynx houses ____ tonsils.

pharyngeal

The cricoid cartilage is _____ to the thyroid cartilage.

inferior

The vocal folds are the _____ set of ligaments, in the larynx, that produce sound.

inferior

An inflammation of the larynx is ___.

laryngitis

The inferior region of the pharynx is called the _______.

laryngopharynx

The ___ is also called the voice box.

larynx

The conchae are located along the ___ walls of the nasal cavity.

lateral

The sides of the nose are formed in part by a single pair of _____ cartilages and two pairs of ____ cartilages.

lateral, alar

The ___ lung has only two lobes, superior and inferior.

left

The ___ the vocal fold, the deeper the voice.

longer

If 2 regions are interconnected, then gases will tend to move to the region of ___ pressure.

lower

The trachea is part of the _____ respiratory system.

lower

When air is forced through the ____ _____, the vocal folds begin to vibrate and this vibration produces sound.

rima glottidis

If all iron sites are bound to oxygen, a hemoglobin molecule is said to be 100% _____.

saturated

Henry's law states that the solubility of a gas is dependent on the partial pressure of the gas and its _____ ______.

solubility coefficient

The volume of air moving into and out of the lungs can be measured with an instrument called a ____.

spirometer

Thick mucous coughed up is known as _____.

sputum

The thyroid cartilage enlarges at puberty due to the increase of ______/

testosterone

The growth of the _____ cartilage is stimulated by testosterone; thus, the Adam's apple is usually prominent and larger in males after puberty.

thyroid

The volume of air inhaled and exhaled during quiet breathing is known as the ____ volume.

tidal

Total lung capacity is the ____ ____ of air that the lungs can hold.

total volume

The ___ is also known as the "windpipe."

trachea

Superior to the larynx is the laryngopharynx. Inferior to the larynx is the ____ and posterior the laryxn is the ____.

trachea, esophagus

The posterior sides of the tracheal C-shaped cartilages are bound together by the ___ ____.

trachealis muscle

The predominant alveolar cell is an alveolar ____ ___ cell.

type I

The closing of the epiglottis over the larynx along with the simultaneous contraction of abdominal muscles, known as the _____ maneuver, results in an increase in abdominal pressure.

Valsava

Hypoventilation may cause blood pH to fall too low, a condition known as respiratory ______.

acidosis

Normally, only ___ passes through the nasopharynx.

air

Rising blood pH during hyperventilation may cause respiratory ______.

alkalosis

The collective volume of the alveoli in the lungs is known as the ___ volume.

alveolar

The type of alveolar cell that promotes rapid gas diffusion across the alveolar wall is the ____ ___ ___ ___.

alveolar type I cell

Most carbon dioxide is carried in the blood ____ ______.

as bicarbonate

The ____ ____ equalize pressure between the middle ear and the atmosphere by allowing excess air pressure to be released into the nasopharynx.

auditory tubes

The wide ___ of the lung rests upon the diaphragm.

base

Respiration affects all conditions except ___ ____ ____.

blood K+ levels

The ___ ___ is a highly branched system of air conducting passages that originates from the left and right primary bronchi and progressively branches into narrower tubes ending in terminal bronchioles.

bronchial tree

Contraction of the smooth muscle surrounding the bronchioles results in ____.

bronchoconstriction

Alveolor pores provide _____ _____.

collateral ventilation

The bony projections along the lateral wall of the nasal cavity are called ____ and the air passages that lie between them are called nasal meatuses.

conchae

When successful swallowing occurs, the _____ closes over the opening to the larynx to prevent materials from entering the larynx.

epiglottis

The laryngopharynx extends inferiorly from the hyoid bone and is continuous with the larynx and ______.

esophagus

In the basic processes of respiration, alveolar gas exchange is also known as ___ respiration, and systemic gas exchange is also known as internal respiration.

external

The vestibular folds are also called the _____ vocal cords.

false

The movement of respiratory gases in the blood between the lungs and systemic cells is called ____ transport.

gas

The movement of respiratory gases between blood and either alveoli or cells of systemic tissues is ___ ____.

gas exchange

A partial pressure _____ exists when the partial pressure for a specific gas is higher in one region of the respiratory system than another.

gradient

The ____ fissure separates the superior and middle lobe, while the ___ fissure separates the middle from the inferior lobe.

horizontal, oblique

The oropharynx extends from the soft palate superiorly to the ____ ____ inferiorly.

hyoid bone

Exercise may cause an increase in the depth of breathing known as _______.

hyperpnea

A person hiking up to high altitudes may _____ in an attempt to gain more oxygen.

hyperventilate

A breathing rate that exceeds the body's demand is called _______.

hyperventilation

Hyperventilation may cause a low partial pressure of carbon dioxide, also known as ______.

hypocapnia

Which are mechanisms for carrying dioxide in the blood (3)?

- Dissolved carbon dioxide in plasma - As bicarbonate - Bound to hemoglobin

Which are potential consequences of hypoventilation (2)/

- Hypoxia - Hypercapnia

The parietal pleura lines which 3 structures?

- Lateral surfaces of the mediastinum - Superior surface of the diaphragm - Internal thoracic walls

Which anatomical structures aid sound production?

- Nasal cavity - Teeth - Tongue - Paranasal sinuses - Lips

The pharynx is made of 3 separate regions. What are the 3?

- Oropharynx - Laryngopharynx - Nasopharynx

Which form the nasal cavity floor?

- Palatine process of maxillae - Horizontal plate of the palatine bones

Which are parts of the conducting portion of the respiratory system?

- Primary bronchi - Trachea - Pharynx

The respiratory portion of the lower respiratory tract includes which 3 structures?

- Respiratory bronchioles - Alveolar ducts - Alveoli

Which are characteristics of the extrinsic muscles of the larynx (3)?

- Stabilize larynx - Originate in hyoid bone or sternum - Help with swallowing

Which affect the ability of blood to carry oxygen (2)?

- The solubility coefficient of oxygen - The presence of oxygen

Which substances can be carried in the blood bound to hemoglobin (3)?

- oxygen - hydrogen ions (protons) - carbon dioxide

As inhaled gases pass through conducting airways, the gases are "conditioned" in which 3 ways?

- Warmed to body temperature - Cleansed of particulates - Humidified

Which are terms to describe the types of hypoventilation (2)?

- bradypnea - hypopnea

Which are potential causes of hyperventilation (3)?

- A panic attack - Ascending to high altitude - Conscious control of breathing muscles

The respiratory portion in the lungs is composed of which structures (3)?

- Alveoli - Respiratory bronchioles - Alveolar ducts

Which are characteristics of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx (3)?

- Attach to arytenoid and corniculate cartilages - Close larynx when swallowing - Change dimensions of rima glottis

The conducting airways of the lower respiratory tract include which 3 structures?

- Bronchi - Trachea - Larynx

Which form the roof of the nasal cavity?

- Cribiform plate - Frontal bone - Sphenoid bone - Nasal bones

The paranasal sinuses are named for the bones where they are located. Rank the bones in order starting with the most superior.

1. frontal 2. ethmoid 3. maxilla

In external respiration, oxygen diffuses down a partial pressure gradient. The PO2 in the alveoli is ___ mm Hg, while the PO2 in the blood is ___ mm Hg.

104; 40

There are several ways to measure pressure. Standard atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hg. What is this in pounds per square inch?

14.7

The left lung has ___ secondary bronchi since it has ___ lobes; the right lung has ___ lobes and ___ secondary bronchi.

2, 2, 3, 3

During external respiration the PCO2 in alveolar capillaries decreases from 45 mm Hg to 40 mm Hg.

45; 40

The atmospheric pressure at sea level is typically close to which value?

760 mm Hg

Hypoventilation can cause oxygen levels to fall too low, a condition called ______. Carbon dioxide levels may rise too high, a condition called _______.

hypoxia; hypercapnia

Which statement describes the net movement of carbon dioxide during internal respiration?

Carbon dioxide diffuses from the tissues to the blood.

What statement characterizes the effects of exercise on blood carbon dioxide?

Carbon dioxide remains relatively constant during exercise.

Which is NOT part of the upper respiratory system?

Larynx

Which statement describes the net movement of oxygen during internal respiration?

Oxygen diffuses from the blood to the tissues.

What statement characterizes the effects of exercise on blood oxygen?

Oxygen remains relatively constant during exercise.

Which statement best describes the relationship between partial pressure gradients and respiratory gas exchange?

Respiratory gas exchange cannot occur without partial pressure gradients.

The olfactory epithelium of the nasal cavity is found in which nasal region?

Superior

"Breathing" is more formally known as pulmonary _____.

ventilation

The total amount of air that can be moved in and out of the lungs by forced breathing is known as the ____ capacity.

vital