Chapter 2/3 Smart Learn

A set of norms that defines how people in a given social position ought to behave is identified as a ________.

Blank 1: role

Tension that arises when one is aware of two inconsistent thoughts, cognitions, or behaviors at the same time is a description of cognitive __________.

Blank 1: dissonance

When estimating chances for success on some future task, people's confidence is highest when the moment of truth is ___________ away.

Blank 1: farthest, farther, or distant

Eastern Asian cultures are more sensitive than Westerners are to the importance of situations, and therefore are less likely to commit the ___________ attribution error.

Blank 1: fundamental

Our personal system of mental shortcuts is the definition of _____________.

Blank 1: heuristics

Our immediate knowledge of something without reasoning or analysis is identified as __________ judgment.

Blank 1: intuitive or snap

Insufficient _________ is the reduction of dissonance by internally justifying one's behavior when external justification is "insufficient."

Blank 1: justification

Research in 1999 by Kruger and Dunning found that incompetence feeds ___________.

Blank 1: overconfidence

The tendency to be more confident than correct is identified as the ______________ phenomenon.

Blank 1: overconfidence

Our attitudes do predict our behavior when these influences on what we say and do are minimal, when the attitude is specific to the behavior, and when the attitude is ________.

Blank 1: potent

The awakening or activating of certain associations is the definition of ____________.

Blank 1: priming

The tendency to presume that someone or something belongs to a particular group if it resembles a typical member is a description of _____________ heuristics.

Blank 1: representativeness

A belief that leads to its own fulfillment is called ________-________ _________.

Blank 1: self Blank 2: fulfilling Blank 3: prophecy or prophecies

When we assume that other people's actions are the same as their intentions and dispositions, we are inferring ______________.

Blank 1: traits, attributes, or trait

In one study where teachers were videotaped talking to, or about, unseen students, it took a _____ clip to determine if the teachers viewed the student as a good or poor. Multiple choice question. a) 10-second b) 5-minute c) 2-minute d) 1-minute

a) 10-second

Select all that apply Using the belief perseverance policy, consider a person who has a risk-prone personality trait. He or she would be most suited in which of the following occupations? (Select all that apply) Multiple select question. a) Firefighter b) Computer programmer c) Police officer d) College professor

a) Firefighter c) Police officer

Which of the following is NOT an aspect of controlled thinking? Multiple choice question. a) Impulsive b) Reflective c) Conscious d) Deliberate

a) Impulsive

Most students underestimate how long it will take to complete papers and other major assignments. Students are not alone. Which of the following also describe issues with estimating? Multiple select question. a) Planning fallacy that individuals overestimate how much we will get done and how much free time we will have. b) Political overconfidence in which overconfident decision makers can wreak havoc. c) CEO overconfidence in which one individual decides all the major decisions and judgments of the corporation. d) Stockbroker confidence that experts are overconfident they can beat the stock market average.

a) Planning fallacy that individuals overestimate how much we will get done and how much free time we will have. b) Political overconfidence in which overconfident decision makers can wreak havoc. d) Stockbroker confidence that experts are overconfident they can beat the stock market average.

Select all that apply Within attribution theory, people explain others' behaviors by trying to find a cause for those behaviors. Which of the following are possible causes? Multiple select question. a) Traits b) Past behaviors c) Attitudes d) Motives

a) Traits c) Attitudes d) Motives

Select all that apply When attitudes start through experience they are more ______. Multiple select question. a) accessible b) enduring c) short term d) guiding

a) accessible b) enduring d) guiding

Andy is an excellent basketball player. His average number of shots made per game would be his principle of ________. Multiple choice question. a) aggregation b) application c) attitude d) assertiveness

a) aggregation

Maria has never liked coffee but loves caffeine drinks. She is displaying a negative ______ toward coffee. Multiple choice question. a) attitude b) similarity c) question d) confusion

a) attitude

The implicit association test (IAT) measures people's implicit ______. Multiple choice question. a) attitudes b) memory c) behavior d) experience

a) attitudes

Select all that apply David prepares his cereal and accidentally puts the cereal away in the refrigerator and the milk in the cupboard. David's action is an example of ______ thinking. Multiple select question. a) automatic b) impulsive c) controlled d) deliberate

a) automatic b) impulsive

A century ago, William James identified we infer our emotions by observing our bodies and our ______. Multiple choice question. a) behaviors b) memory c) thoughts d) cognition

a) behaviors

Jaquon is having trouble with math class in school. Jaquon's teacher keeps telling him he is a smart boy. Eventually, Jaquon starts to improve his grades. This is an example of "saying becomes ______." Multiple choice question. a) believing b) action c) the future d) prediction

a) believing

Select all that apply The 1969 research by Allan Wicker discovered that a person's attitude did not necessarily predict his or her behavior. Specific examples Wicker found include which of the following? Multiple select question. a) Employer statements about whom they would hire did not match their actual employee rosters. b) Individual attitudes about church attendance did not predict their own Sunday attendance. c) Student attitudes about cheating did not predict their own cheating behaviors. d) Individual descriptions of racial attitudes did not predict behaviors in an actual situation.

b) Individual attitudes about church attendance did not predict their own Sunday attendance. c) Student attitudes about cheating did not predict their own cheating behaviors. d) Individual descriptions of racial attitudes did not predict behaviors in an actual situation.

A student fails a test and the teacher tries to guess what happened. According to attribution theory, which potential causes below are dispositional (and not situational)? Multiple select question. a) The student was sick. b) The student is not intelligent. c) The student was distracted by something happening at home or work. d) The student did not care about the test and thus didn't study.

b) The student is not intelligent. d) The student did not care about the test and thus didn't study.

In lab studies in which two participants play a game against each other, if one participant is told that the other person is going to be competitive and non-cooperative, this usually results in the first participant _____. Multiple choice question. a) acting in a friendly, cooperative manner b) acting in a hostile, aggressive manner c) acting in a shy, non-committal manner d) refusing to play the game at all

b) acting in a hostile, aggressive manner

A person's average behavior is a description of the principle of _______. Multiple choice question. a) attitude b) aggregation c) assertion d) attention

b) aggregation

Attitudes tend to predict behaviors when the attitude is specifically relevant to the observed ______. Multiple choice question. a) attitude b) behavior c) mood d) influence

b) behavior

Our ______ is a product of both an individual person and the individual situation. Multiple choice question. a) alter ego b) behavior c) insight d) hindsight

b) behavior

Select all that apply Studies have shown that teachers who know students are in the gifted range will ______. Multiple select question. a) spend more time with low achievers b) call on them more often for answers c) look and smile at them more d) set higher standards for them

b) call on them more often for answers c) look and smile at them more d) set higher standards for them

Jorge always tells people he's not religious, but he has a Christian bumper sticker on his car. If he were to feel uncomfortable due to the inconsistency between his stated attitude and his behavior, he would experience ______. Multiple choice question. a) self-monitoring b) cognitive dissonance c) upward social comparison d) unrealistic optimism

b) cognitive dissonance

We respond not to reality but to reality as we ______ it. Multiple choice question. a) intellectualize b) construe c) externalize d) confabulate

b) construe

Imagining an alternative scenario or outcome that might have happened but did not is known as ______ thinking. Multiple choice question. a) conclusive b) counterfactual c) contractual d) conductive

b) counterfactual

Troy and Christa bought a new house after looking at several. After the purchase they started to look at the negatives of their purchase and the positives of another house. Troy and Christa are experiencing dissonance after a ________. Multiple choice question. a) crisis b) decision c) cooperation d) dilemma

b) decision

We tend to automatically copy other people's facial expressions and feel the same emotions as the people around us. The term to explain this tendency is ______. Multiple choice question. a) empathic parallels b) emotional contagion c) emotional mirroring d) enigmatic expression

b) emotional contagion

On the first day of class you are the second person to enter the classroom. The other person does not acknowledge that you came in the door and you think, "how rude." The next few times you enter the classroom the other person says hello, smiles, and engages you in conversation and you find this person quite pleasant. Your initial impression was a(n) _____. Multiple choice question. a) behavioral confirmation b) false impression c) situational attribution d) idealization

b) false impression

Joey believes he can make the varsity team as a freshman and he does it. Joey is demonstrating self-______ prophecy. Multiple choice question. a) defeating b) fulfilling c) esteem d) aware

b) fulfilling

When Jason is seen yelling at Joan, people think Jason is an angry person. This is not necessarily true, but it happens with a phenomenon called spontaneous trait ______. Multiple choice question. a) interrogation b) inference c) independence d) internalization

b) inference

Repeated findings in experiments show that when witnessing an event and then repeatedly receiving misleading information about that event, an individual will incorporate the errors into his or her memory. This is referred to as the ______ effect. Multiple choice question. a) eye-witnessed b) misinformation c) deja vu d) confabulation

b) misinformation

Research conducted by Knox and Inkster (1968) found that racetrack bettors who had just placed a bet felt ______ than those who had yet to bet. Multiple choice question. a) neither more nor less optimistic b) more optimistic c) less optimistic

b) more optimistic

According to the principle of aggregation, Jane's strong sense of religious belief and spirituality indicate that she would ______. Multiple choice question. a) never attend a weekly worship b) never miss a weekly worship c) only worship at her own home altar d) not always attend church weekly

b) never miss a weekly worship

When one overestimates the accuracy of one's beliefs, one is displaying ______. Multiple choice question. a) extroversion b) overconfidence c) introversion d) under-confidence

b) overconfidence

In collectivist cultures, people less often perceive others in terms of ______ dispositions. Multiple choice question. a) fundamental b) personal c) situational d) uncontrollable

b) personal

Activating particular associations in memory is ______. Multiple choice question. a) practicing b) priming c) pasting d) participating

b) priming

Barb was home alone watching a scary movie. Barb had trouble sleeping as all of the house sounds kept her awake. Barb was affected through _____. Multiple choice question. a) storms b) priming c) burglars d) robberies

b) priming

Ophelia has a new job as a teacher, but she's not sure of herself. She acts like how she thinks teachers do, and this acting eventually shapes her attitudes and behaviors. This is an example of ______ at her job. Multiple choice question. a) mere exposure b) role-playing c) self-handicapping d) intrinsic attributions

b) role-playing

Mitchell, Thompson, and colleagues report that people recall mildly pleasant events more favorably than they experienced them, a phenomenon called _____. Multiple choice question. a) bright memories b) rosy retrospection c) the pleasure principle d) misremembering

b) rosy retrospection

When we have acted badly, we are more likely to attribute our behavior to the ______. Multiple choice question. a) personality b) situation c) traits d) perspective

b) situation

Aaron's parents are going through a divorce, and his grades are going down. This is due to the physical and social circumstances in his life, a ______ attribution. Multiple choice question. a) satisfaction b) situational c) sensual d) sensational

b) situational

_____ theory assumes that to reduce discomfort, we justify our actions to ourselves. Multiple choice question. a) Self-presentation b) Self-perception c) Cognitive dissonance

c) Cognitive dissonance

If a mirror is put in front of a classroom where students are taking a final exam, their own self-______ may minimize cheating on the exam. Multiple choice question. a) aggrandizement b) acceptance c) awareness d) aggression

c) awareness

After Congress passes a new law about some moral behavior, generally speaking, you can expect people's attitudes and behaviors toward the moral behavior to _____. Multiple choice question. a) become more negative b) remain relatively unchanged c) become more positive

c) become more positive

In most trials, evidence of a confession is videotaped from an earlier police interview. The view in the tape usually focuses exclusively on the confessor, not other people in the room (such as police). This fact is sometimes called the _____ bias. Multiple choice question. a) police absence b) suspect focus c) camera perspective d) angled view

c) camera perspective

Megumi thinks that everyone from the United States is arrogant, but she loves her American roommate and thinks the roommate is humble. If Megumi recognizes that these two cognitions are inconsistent, she might feel the tension of ______. Multiple choice question. a) self-serving bias b) downward social comparison c) cognitive dissonance d) social facilitation

c) cognitive dissonance

An aroused state of uncomfortable tension is identified as ______. Multiple choice question. a) deception b) description c) dissonance d) deployment

c) dissonance

Sally met Samuel at a party and really enjoyed his company. When Sally learned Samuel lived in a poor neighborhood, she began to develop ______ impressions of him. Multiple choice question. a) fulfilling b) wonderful c) false d) fantasy

c) false

A cognitive rule that judges the likelihood of things in terms of their availability in memory is identified as availability _______. Multiple choice question. a) opening b) thinking c) heuristic d) achievement

c) heuristic

Jessica was told that "blonds have more fun" so she colored her hair blond and actually believed she was meeting more people and that her social life improved. Jessica is an example of ______ thinking. Multiple choice question. a) dependent b) independent c) illusory d) voluntary

c) illusory

Being the person who actually rolls the dice or spins the wheel while gambling have higher confidence than if they are just watching someone roll the dice or spin the wheel. What phenomena explains this? Multiple choice question. a) regression toward the average b) counterfactual thinking c) illusory control d) empowerment

c) illusory control

When we see our behaviors as intentional and admirable we attribute this to our own good reasons, not to the _______. Multiple choice question. a) world b) outcome c) environment d) situation

d) situation

The civil rights movement of the 1960s is an example of the change brought about by ______ movements. Multiple choice question. a) seasonal b) secondary c) singular d) social

d) social

A reduction of dissonance by internally justifying one's behavior when external justification is not sufficient is the definition of insufficient ___________.

justification

___________ is ascribing a behavior to the wrong source.

misattribution

You have an appointment with someone and they are late. You are more likely to use a ____________ attribution to explain why they are late.

Blank 1: dispositional

_________ __________ helps explain why it's fun to be around happy people and depressing to be around depressed people.

Blank 1: Emotional Blank 2: Contagion

When someone loves and admires us, it helps us become the person he or she imagines us to be. This is called ____________.

Blank 1: Idealization

Doing a favor for someone usually ________ liking for the person being helped.

Blank 1: Increases

____________ effect occurs when one incorporates wrong information into a memory after witnessing an event and attaining wrong, misleading information about it.

Blank 1: Misinformation

According to research presented the book, students who score the lowest on tests of grammar, humor, and logic are the most prone to ___________ , their abilities.

Blank 1: Overestimating

Sometimes, prison guards must treat prisoners harshly, not because they want to, but because it is part of their job. This is an example of ________ ________ at work.

Blank 1: Role Blank 2: Playing or play

In order to avoid dissonant information people tend to engage in a behavior called ________ _________.

Blank 1: Selective Blank 2: Exposure

Moral __________, especially when freely chosen rather than coerced, affects moral thinking.

Blank 1: action

Favorable and unfavorable evaluative reactions toward something is a description of a person's ____________.

Blank 1: attitude

Social psychologists have identified that behavior determines our ______.

Blank 1: attitudes

According to Wicker (1969) people's expressed attitudes hardly predicted their ___________.

Blank 1: behavior or behaviors

When the persistence of one's initial conceptions are discredited, but an explanation of why the belief might be true survives, this persistence is identified as __________ _____________.

Blank 1: belief Blank 2: perseverance

Research has shown that if we say it, we will (believe/disbelieve) ________ it.

Blank 1: believe

A tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconception is identified as confirmation ________.

Blank 1: bias

After making important decisions, one can experience ____________ dissonance when thinking about the negative options of what was chosen and the positive options of what was not chosen.

Blank 1: cognitive

Select all that apply Studies of dating and newly married couples identified that idealization in relationships created ______. Multiple select question. a) better images of each other b) buffered conflict c) more conflict with more reality d) relationship satisfaction

a) better images of each other b) buffered conflict d) relationship satisfaction

Select all that apply Social psychologists have identified how behavior affects our attitudes through ______. Multiple select question. a) cognitive dissonance b) cognition ownership c) self-presentation d) self-perception

a) cognitive dissonance c) self-presentation d) self-perception

Joey placed second in the state wrestling meet. He spent some time thinking about what might have been if he had gotten one more take down. Joey is demonstrating ______ thinking. Multiple choice question. a) counterfactual b) conditioning c) reality d) rationalization

a) counterfactual

Select all that apply Attitudes that will be good predictors of behavior are ______. Multiple select question. a) experienced b) unstable c) stable d) accessible

a) experienced c) stable d) accessible

When an individual shows a facial expression, the facial expression typically corresponds with the feelings of that person, such as fear, anger, or happiness. This is called the ______ effect. Multiple choice question. a) facial feedback b) facial perception c) facial distinguishment d) facial reading

a) facial feedback

Select all that apply Our system of heuristics allows us to use mental shortcuts to ______. Multiple select question. a) form impressions b) make judgments c) analyze machines d) invent explanations

a) form impressions b) make judgments d) invent explanations

Select all that apply The use of self-presentation, or matching our stated attitudes with our actions, helps us make a good impression on others as a means of ______. Multiple select question. a) gaining material rewards b) influencing culture c) helping another person d) making social status gains e) feeling better about ourselves

a) gaining material rewards d) making social status gains e) feeling better about ourselves

Theorists have identified that neither dissonance theory nor self-perception theory were created by nature; both are created by human ______. Multiple choice question. a) imagination b) behavior c) neurotransmitters d) genetics

a) imagination

A reduction of dissonance by internally justifying one's behavior when external justification is lacking is called ______ justification. Multiple choice question. a) insufficient b) inadequate c) internal d) inappropriate

a) insufficient

Jack and Jill are having problems in their marriage. One night, Jack is actually working late, but Jill is sure he is out with another woman instead. Jill is demonstrating ______. Multiple choice question. a) misattribution b) self-handicapping c) narcissism d) mere exposure

a) misattribution

Stacy enjoyed playing with the neighbors' children. When Stacy turned 13 years old, the neighbors started bribing her with money to play with their children. Stacy began to feel confused about why she was performing the action—for fun, or for the money? This confusion is called ______. Multiple choice question. a) overjustification b) multi-message anxiety c) attitude parallax d) behavior tension

a) overjustification

In collectivist cultures, people less often perceive others in terms of ______ dispositions. Multiple choice question. a) personal b) uncontrollable c) situational d) fundamental

a) personal

Jacob is on the wrestling team for his high school. After winning a match, Jacob always helps his opponent up from the floor and puts his arm around his opponent's shoulder, so that even his losing opponents like him. This behavior demonstrates how ______ behavior fosters liking. Multiple choice question. a) positive b) negative c) winning d) combative

a) positive

Cognitive dissonance theory offers us an explanation for _____-persuasion. Multiple choice question. a) self b) other c) intrinsic d) social

a) self

Robyn Dawes, Richard Nisbett, and Lee Ross all agree that what is needed to reduce errors in our social thinking is, at heart, to _____. Multiple choice question. a) teach b) rely on statistics c) focus on the inner self d) rely on instinct

a) teach

It appears attitudes do affect behaviors when ______. (Select all that apply). Multiple select question. a) the attitude is potent b) other influences on what we say and do is great c) other influences on what we say and do is minimal d) the attitude is specific to the behavior

a) the attitude is potent c) other influences on what we say and do is minimal d) the attitude is specific to the behavior

A teacher divides her class into groups of four students and randomly chooses one of them to write review questions for an upcoming exam. The student who writes the questions then quizzes the other three students in each group. Afterward, everyone in class agrees that the students who wrote the questions are the smartest. This error in logic is a result of not taking the situation into account, otherwise known as Multiple choice question. a) the fundamental attribution error b) regression toward the average c) the availability heuristic d) a self-fulfilling prophecy

a) the fundamental attribution error

Gamblers continue to gamble and feel more in control when they have picked their own lottery numbers (compared with picking random numbers). These actions are an example of ______. Multiple choice question. a) the illusion of control b) self-fulfilling prophesy c) histrionic personality d) mere exposure

a) the illusion of control

Dan had a feeling he should buy Apple stock, and it proved to be an excellent choice. His decision was based on a "gut feeling" instead of logic or reasoning. This feeling is an example of ______ judgment. Multiple choice question. a) imaginative b) informational c) intuitive d) initial

c) intuitive

Self-presentation theory and cognitive dissonance theory generally _____. Multiple choice question. a) are fundamentally unrelated b) make different predictions c) make the same predictions

c) make the same predictions

Sam is asked to testify in a court hearing as an eyewitness to a robbery. Sam's testimony is relying on his construction of ______. Multiple choice question. a) mind b) microorganisms c) memory d) multiple activities

c) memory

Attitudes tend to predict behaviors when we ________ other influences on our attitude statements and behaviors. Multiple choice question. a) increase b) normalize c) minimize d) maximize

c) minimize

John is a leader in his career; he speaks as an expert in all areas of the company. John's impression of expertise is an example of the ______ phenomena. Multiple choice question. a) expert b) introversion c) overconfidence d) extroversion

c) overconfidence

Sara spends many dollars annually on clothes, cosmetics, and her hair to make a good impression on others. Sara's actions provide an example of self-______. Multiple choice question. a) personality b) probability c) presentation d) parsimony

c) presentation

In the first published study on cognitive dissonance, Brehm (1956) asked women to rate several household items. They were then allowed to choose one item to keep. After their decision, they rated all of the items again. The results showed that the women Multiple choice question. a) regretted their decisions, rating the chosen item as less desirable. b) couldn't remember any of the non-chosen items. c) rated the item they chose as the most desirable item. d) suddenly found the items not chosen to be very desirable.

c) rated the item they chose as the most desirable item.

John is a 23-year-old male who is an atheist and a drug user. You are asked to guess what kind of music he likes. You guess heavy metal music. Your guess is based on the _____ heuristic. Multiple choice question. a) base rate b) stereotype c) representativeness d) availability

c) representativeness

Sam did a service learning project in his psychology class of mowing an elderly neighbor's lawn. After this experience, Sam's attitudes followed his behaviors because he then felt some _______. Multiple choice question. a) causality b) capability c) responsibility d) reality

c) responsibility

When we want to minimize dissonance, we will often seek agreeable information or people that agree with our viewpoint, a strategy known as ______. Multiple choice question. a) selective assumption b) selective cognitive assumption c) selective exposure d) selective dissonance

c) selective exposure

Behavioral confirmation is a form of ________ when individuals' social expectations lead them to behave in ways that cause others to confirm their expectations. Multiple choice question. a) performing prediction b) participating paradox c) self-fulfilling prophecy d) attribution bias

c) self-fulfilling prophecy

Research has shown through behavioral confirmation that people who are more lonely behave less ______. Multiple choice question. a) immaturely b) empathically c) socially d) aggressively

c) socially

Colton was told to eat his cereal and he would grow big muscles. Colton ate his cereal and checked his "growing" muscles in the mirror daily. Colton is experiencing an illusory _______. Multiple choice question. a) correlation b) untruth c) movement d) milestone

correlation

In recent months, national media spent a lot of time on stories about gays and lesbians. Yesterday, you conducted a poll asking people to estimate what percent of Americans are gay and lesbian. They results indicate that people estimated 23% are gay and lesbian but actually only about 4.1% identify as gay or lesbian. Why did people overestimate this percent? Multiple choice question. a) Representativeness heuristic b) Cultural bias c) Cognitive bias d) Availability heuristic

d) Availability heuristic

Psychologists Nisbett and Ross (1980) recommended four ways that education can reduce people's vulnerability to cognitive error. Which of the recommendations below is NOT one of their suggestions? Multiple choice question. a) Teach statistics courses focused on everyday logic b) Create memorable and useful slogans about biases c) Demonstrate good and bad logic with concrete examples d) Distract people while they make decisions, so they rely on emotions

d) Distract people while they make decisions, so they rely on emotions

To avoid the camera perspective bias, upon whom or what should a confession videotape be focused? Multiple choice question. a) the suspect b) a blank wall c) the law enforcement officer d) It should focus equally on the suspect and the law enforcement officer.

d) It should focus equally on the suspect and the law enforcement officer.

____ theory states that when we are unsure of our own attitudes, we would infer them as we would someone observing us. Multiple choice question. a) Self-perceiving b) Self-observation c) Self-dissonance d) Self-perception

d) Self-perception

Mary was aging and feeling sad and depressed with her inability to do different activities. Mary's friend stopped over and made a suggestion that made Mary feel better. Which suggestion did Mary's friend make? Multiple choice question. a) Pull your eyebrows together. b) Rub your thumb and first finger together. c) Write about something in your past that was sad. d) Tape the sides of your lips upward on each side.

d) Tape the sides of your lips upward on each side.

Mrs. Anderson teaches her first-grade students the national anthem. This practice of publicly promoting patriotism in individual schoolchildren is an example of the power of ______. Multiple choice question. a) totalitarianism b) brainwashing c) regimentation d) a social movement

d) a social movement

A study of students placed in a mock prison setting and assigned the roles of guards or prisoners found the guards were prone to ______ behaviors. Multiple choice question. a) neutral b) theater c) passive d) aggressive

d) aggressive

In an experiment, people anticipated interacting with another person of a different race. When led to believe that the other person disliked interacting with someone from their race, they felt more ______. Multiple choice question. a) compassion b) satisfaction c) kindness d) anger

d) anger

Research reveals that both implicit and explicit ______ predict individual behaviors and judgments. Multiple choice question. a) associations b) aggressions c) alignments d) attitudes

d) attitudes

The theory of how people explain another's behavior by assuming it was caused by either internal or external reasons is identified as ______. Multiple choice question. a) accountability b) assessment c) accessibility d) attribution

d) attribution

We tend to see our worlds through _______ glasses. Multiple choice question. a) sunglasses b) stigmatization c) looking-self d) belief-tinted

d) belief-tinted

Jonas was certain his computer program for grading classes was the best system to use. When others tried to offer feedback, Jonas did not really listen. Jonas is displaying ______ bias. Multiple choice question. a) collaborative b) cooperative c) construction d) confirmation

d) confirmation

When people sit straight up with their chest pushed out they feel more confident than when sitting slouched forward with their eyes downcast. This phenomena is called the _____ effect. Multiple choice question. a) self-confidence b) self-perception c) self-correspondence d) facial feedback

d) facial feedback

A cognitive rule that judges the likelihood of things in terms of their availability in memory is identified as availability _______. Multiple choice question. a) achievement b) thinking c) opening d) heuristic

d) heuristic

The 1954 U.S. Supreme Court decision to desegregate schools demonstrates the ability to ____ moral action. Multiple choice question. a) disseminate b) decrease c) immobilize d) legislate

d) legislate

Historically, sometimes soldiers must complete actions they think are unethical. If they rationalize and adjust their attitudes to fit their actions, and both the actions and attitudes continue to influence each other, this could eventually lead to ______. Multiple choice question. a) catatonia b) cultural apathy c) increased empathy d) moral numbness

d) moral numbness

Kiley is attending college to be a nurse. As she learns of high blood pressure she starts to worry about the headache she has experienced. This can happen due to ______. a) planning b) medication c) meditation d) priming

d) priming

In the construction of memories, research shows that ______. Multiple choice question. a) memories that seem more vivid are more likely to be accurate b) almost all memories are highly inaccurate and false c) almost all memories are extremely accurate d) recall is often biased by current knowledge and beliefs

d) recall is often biased by current knowledge and beliefs

Don and Dana were married for 20 years before they divorced. Prior to the divorce, Dana said she was happy in her marriage; following the divorce, Dana felt they should have divorced much sooner. This is an example of ______ past attitudes. a) resurrecting b) resurfacing c) revaluing d) reconstructing

d) reconstructing

Cody is at the funeral of his great-grandmother. He knows he is to be quiet and not run. This expected behavior is a/an ______. Multiple choice question. a) error b) act c) change d) role

d) role

President George W. Bush, in the years after launching the Iraq war, said that, "knowing what I know today, I'd make the same decision again." This statement is an example of ______. Multiple choice question. a) insufficient justification b) selective exposure c) self-perception d) self-persuasion

d) self-persuasion

According to research presented the book, students who score the lowest on tests of grammar, humor, and logic are the most prone to ___________ their abilities.

overestimating