Chapter 23 Vocab

Kulturkampf

- Cultural conflicts - Repression of so-called subversive elements of the German Empire: Catholics/socialists - Bismarck tries to sponsor several social reforms to outflank the SPD including workmen's compensation, old-age pensions, and medical protection

Second Industrial Revolution

- Economic/industrial expansion during the third quarter of the century that began in Great Britain - Mainly associated w/ steel, chemicals, electricity, and oil - Major changes to world-view and globalization with many inventions

Revisionism

- Eduard Bernstein's socialist doctrines that advocated the achieving of a humane socialist society through the evolution of democratic institutions, not revolution - Social Democratic Party pursues a course similar to this to prevent conflict

Third French Republic

- Established as a republican government following the breakage of the Paris Commune - Further changes come in Paris under this - Legalizes workers unions in 1884 - Utilizes universal male suffrage - Highly industrialized and well-developed, stable

Wilhelm II

- Final German Emperor and Prussian ruler who was crowned in 1888 - Dismissed Bismarck due to foreign policy issues - Allows anti-socialist legislation to expire, wants political support of the working class during Erfurt Program - Loss of Bismarck causes some unrest/loss of stability in German Empire

Parliament Act

- Financing of major new programs of social legislation in Britain under liberal ministry, Liberals of HoC vs. Conservatives of HoL - Allows Commons to override veto of the upper chamber, gives state an even greater role in people's lives as liberal reforms win out in the state in 1911

Kulaks

- Free peasants work on large estates of the nobles or prosperous wealthy peasant farmers, known as these - Numerous social and economic problems in Russia at time of industrial development - Peasants don't own individual land, instead through the mir or village

Gottlieb Daimler

- German engineer who invented the internal combustion engine in 1885 - The automobile came out of this; this changed the way humans viewed the world/environment by altering transportation - New feelings of freedom

Pogroms

- In Russia and Poland, which didn't support Jewish emancipation, anti-Semite groups suppressed this group with hostility and hate - Government allows police and right-wing nationalists to conduct organized riots against Jewish neighborhoods and villages

Guglielmo Marconi

- Italian inventor/engineer who sent the first radio wave across the Atlantic Ocean to the United States - Completely revolutionizes communicate as Europe is no longer isolated

Bloody Sunday

- January 22, 1905 troops of Nicholas II fired on a peaceful procession of workers seeking a petition of better working and living conditions - About 200 killed in total; 800 wounded - Major turning point as many no longer trust tsar/government

Bolsheviks

- Lenin's faction of the Socialist Democratic Party, called the majority - Want party of elite professional revolutionaries to provide centralized leadership for the workers - Want transformative revolution for Russia

Zemstvos

- Local councils of the nobles in Russia created in 1864 - Social Revolutionary Party consists of many of these populist members - Seek constitutional monarchy with a parliament of civil liberties and economic progress - Liberals of the Constitutional Democratic Party also demanded reform during the Revolution of 1905

Putting out system

- Many working class women are involved in textiles/tailoring/clothing-making industries - Major manufacturers produce clothing through this - Manufacturer purchases the material and then puts it out for tailoring - Many independently owned sweatshops/workers in homes produce these - Berlin system employs over 80,000

Congress of Berlin

- Meeting of leading statesman of great powers and of the Ottoman Empire to discuss the reorganization of Balkan territories following the Russo-Turkish War - Under Bismarck - Avoiding Austrian and Russian war - Many changes in territory holdings - 1878

Rasputin

- Monk who gained ascendancy with tsar Nicholas II due to his apparent ability to heal their hemophilic son - This uncouth man's influence undermines the position of the tsar and government after 1911

Count Sergei Witte

- Nicholas II hires him to lead Russia into industrial age; modernizer - Planned economic development, protective tariffs, high taxes, gold standard, efficiency - Strong finance with France - Favors heavy industries - Transforms Russia

Domesticity

- Nineteenth century, middle class women come to be associated with the home: the center of virtue, children, life - Rearing/nurturing children as well as running household are main tasks, so women don't work - Runs home as unit of consumption - Great luxury/comfort w/o ability to seek ambitions and knowledge

Soviets

- October 1905, these workers groups take control of Saint Petersburg following a series of strikes - October Manifesto for a constitutional monarchy issued - Later became the basis for the Bolshevik Revolution and other socialist movements in Russia

Anti-Semitism

- Prejudice, hostility, legal discrimination against Jews in Europe - As Jews are emancipated in this period, this begins to fade, redefining culture - Major accomplishment of liberalism - This continues in Poland/Russia until WWI - Erupts in Germany in 1880s; these voices grow in the 1870s causing economic stagnation in Jewish banks

Mikhail Bakunin

- Russian revolutionary anarchist who founded collectivist anarchism - Part of the First International - Quarrel with Karl Marx splits the anarchist and Marxist wings of the revolutionary socialist movement for many years after - Marxism becomes dominant

Erfurt Parliament

- Social Democratic Party uses this meeting to determine attitude toward German Empire - Occurs in 1891, politics of Bebel and ideology of Karl Kautsky - Marxist ideals, declares imminent end of capitalism and need for socialist ownership of means of production - Legal participation not revolution - SPD works in the borders of the German government

Socialist Democratic Party

- Socialist party in Russia, forced into exile in nineteenth century - Struggle with lack of working class and representative institutions - Marxists lead this - Lenin involved in this group, forced the party to split into two factions - Controls Russia during Bolshevik Revolution

Social Democratic Party

- Socialist party that maintains Marxist ideals, starts 1875 in Germany - Divided on those who advocate revolution and those who do not - Faces major repression under Bismarck - Seek electoral gains, expansion of membership, and short term political and social reforms - Inspire Russian Social Democrats

Paris Metro

- Subway system instituted in 1895 in Paris as reforms were being completed and Paris was being complete transformed - Alters transportation in urban areas of France, allows for workers to live in suburbs and enter/move throughout city with ease - Electricity in use

Reform Bill

- British bill under Disraeli that increased the size of the electorate by over one million voters - This extends the electorate to more working class men in 1867

Bismarck

- Conservative statesman under William I that helped create the German Empire - Brought universal suffrage to Germany - Works to repress the Social Democratic Party as Iron Chancellor -Undertakes social welfare program - Forced to resign due to foreign policy

Married Woman's Property Act

- Created in 1882 in Great Britain to allow married women to own property in their own right - One of most liberal acts of time for women - Major social disability of women at the time is lack of property rights, a great disadvantage

First International

- 1864: British/French trade unionists make International Working Men's Association; a combination of socialists, anarchists, and nationalists under Marx - Reforms to conditions of labor in current climate - Gathers statistics, informs groups of mutual issues, proclaims influence in events - Marxism becomes dominant socialism, especially due to scientific components

Duma

- 1906 Nicholas II creates this representative body of two chambers - April elections bring radicals into body with Stolypin - Body dissolved; recreated, then dissolved once again - 1907: based on conservative franchise is pliable for minister and tsar - Using this legislature, tsar regains most of ground he conceded in the revolution of 1905

Opportunism

- Alexander Millerand, a socialist, is appointed to the cabinet in France - Second International at the Amsterdam Congress debates this ideal of participation of socialists in the cabinets - Was condemned in France, socialists required to conform to one party

Eduard Bernstein

- Author of socialist heresy as he questions if Marx and Kautsky were correct in pessimism towards capitalism and the need for revolution - Writes Evolutionary Socialism - Shows conditions are better as standard of living rises - Social reform through democratic institutions replaces revolution as path to humane socialist society

Iron and Blood

- Bismarck's means of pragmatism in order to address issues in a material, direct manner of industrialism and militarism - Refers to his famous quote as prime minister, "The great questions of the day will not be decided by speeches and majority decisions—that was the mistake of 1848-1849—but by iron and blood." - This policy influences his politics

Fabian Society

- Britain's most influential socialist group founded in 1884; moderate movement that influences social reforms of twentieth century - Gradualist approach to major social reform - Sidney Webb, Beatrice Webb, HG Wells, Graham Wallas, George Bernard Shaw - Problems solved through peace, democracy, etc. - Education of the rational wisdom of socialism, collective ownership

Petite Bourgeoisie

- The lower middle class that grew and developed during the latter half of the nineteenth century - Mostly white collar workers who include secretaries, retail clerks, and lower level bureaucrats - Middle class aspirations, seeking advancements - Most disposable income on consumer goods - Tension w/ middle class, which defines the time

Reform Act

- Third British act to increase the size of the electorate, extending it into the rural countryside to include more farmers and working men - About 5.5 mil in the electorate at the time, shows Britain is slowly approaching democracy in 1884

Reichstag

- Universal suffrage elected body in the German Empire, created by Bismarck - Lacks power as it is only answerable to the monarch/ministers - Passes anti-socialist laws - 1880s and on, the SPD polls more votes in this body - Enacts Bismarck's program of social welfare legislation - SPD members can sit on this body

Revolution 1905

- Uprising of workers seeking better conditions; leads to the Bloody Sunday riot - Strikes occur, peasants revolt, property is attacked - Reforms are demanded by groups such as the soviets - Nicholas II reacts with the October Manifesto and creation of the Duma to regain stability, ending the revolution if only temporarily

Millicent Fawcett

- Woman who led the most advanced women's movement in Britain, she leads the moderate National Union of Woman's Suffrage Societies - Parliament will grant women vote if convinced that women are responsible/respectable in politics - Tactics of liberals - Franchise extended following WWI in 1918