Chapter 24

CIA deposes Guatemalan government of Jacobo Arbenz Guzman

1954

Arrest of Rosa Parks sparks Montgomery bus boycott

1955

Will Herberg publishes protestant-catholic-jew

1955

Autherine Lucy barred from attending University of Alabama

1956

Interstate Highway Act

1956

Little Rock desegregation crisis begins

1957

Nixon-Khrushchev "kitchen debate"

1959

John F. Kennedy defeats Richard Nixon in presidential election

1960

Milton Friedman publishes Capitalism and Freedom

1962

In 1955, what percentage of non-agricultural workers were unionized?

35 percent

A leading voice of the Beats was

Allen Ginsberg.

The name for the small group of poets and writers who railed against mainstream culture, and that included Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg was

Beats.

What was the landmark United States Supreme Court case decided on May 17, 1954, in which the Warren Court unanimously asserted that segregation in public education violated the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment?

Brown v. Board of Education

housing discrimination

During the postwar suburban boom, federal agencies continued to insure mortgages that barred resale of houses to non-whites, thereby financing housing segregation.

Although Americans in the 1950s grew more intensely religious, fewer than ever were affiliated with religious institutions.

False

As president, Eisenhower sought to roll back the New Deal, abolish social security and unemployment insurance, and eliminate labor laws and farm programs.

False

During the 1950s, the farm population rose from 15 million to 23 million, while agricultural production declined by 25 percent.

False

Capitalism and Freedom

In 1962, Milton Friedman published Capitalism and Freedom, which identified the free market as the necessary foundation for individual liberty.

Which does not describe Rosa Parks in the years prior to her December 1, 1955, arrest? - She was a participant in meetings protesting the conviction of the Scottsboro Boys. - She was for many years a secretary in her local NAACP chapter. - She had attended a training session for political activists at the Highlander School in Tennessee. - She was a housewife, with no previous experience as a political activist.

She was a housewife, with no previous experience as a political activist.

Montgomery bus boycott

Sparked by Rosa Parks's arrest on December 1, 1955, for refusing to surrender her seat to a white passenger, a successful year-long boycott protesting segregation on city buses; led by the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr.

''Checkers speech''

The "Checkers speech," named after the family dog, rescued Nixon's political career. It illustrated how television was beginning to transform politics by allowing candidates to bring a carefully crafted image directly into Americans' living rooms.

Iranian coup

The U.S.- sponsored coup that overthrew Mohammed Mossadegh in 1953 created resentments that helped lead to Iran's Islamic Revolution twenty-five years later.

military-industrial complex

The conjunction of "an immense military establishment" with a "permanent arms industry'' with and influence felt in ''every office'' in the land.

Although it was a nationwide phenomenon, 1950s suburbanization gathered its greatest momentum in the West.

True

As part of the expansive and dynamic growth of the American economy, in the twenty years after 1950, about 7 million white Americans left cities for the suburbs, nearly 3 million blacks moved from South to North, and half a million Puerto Ricans moved to the mainland.

True

By 1960, almost 90 percent of American families owned television sets, average daily television viewing time was five hours, and television had proven itself the most effective advertising medium ever invented.

True

By the mid-1960s, 25 million Americans owned shares of stock.

True

Richard Nixon's rise in politics was fueled in part by his ability to make free-market conservatism appealing to ordinary people.

True

Eric Foner writes, "the either-or mentality of the Cold War obscured the extent to which the United States itself fell short of the ideal of freedom." In this context, to what does "the either-or mentality" refer?

the notion that, in a polarized world, you were either for the United States or for the Soviet Union

During the 1950s, the mass movement for civil rights found principal support among

the southern black church.

Richard Weave publishes Ideas Have Consequences

1948

Housing Act

1949

David Riesman publishes The Lonely Crowd

1950

J.D. Salinger publishes The Catcher in the Rye

1951

Richard Nixon's "Checkers speech"

1952

United States acquired Hydrogen bomb

1952

Eisenhower appoints Earl Warren Chief justice

1953

Soviet Union acquires hydrogen bomb

1953

juvenile delinquency

A mid-1950s panic about "juvenile delinquency'' occurred as a result of works such as J.D. Salinger's Catcher in the Rye.

President Eisenhower hailed the Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education as a positive move toward a more equal and just America; when a federal court ordered that Autherine Lucy be admitted to the University of Alabama in 1956, Eisenhower authorized the use of federal troops in her support.

False

Prior to her arrest that led to the Montgomery Bus Boycott, Rosa Parks had never been involved in National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) activism.

False

The suburban explosion of the 1950s did much to diminish racial divisions in America.

False

Which of the following series of events is listed in proper sequence?

Geneva summit between Eisenhower and Khrushchev; Soviet invasion of Hungary; Khrushchev visit to United States; U-2 incident

Cultural dissent was more conspicuous than political dissent during the 1950s.

True

One strand of social analysis in the 1950s criticized the monotony of modern work, the emptiness of suburban life, and the pervasive influence of advertising.

True

Launching of Sputnik

on October 4th, 1957, the Soviets shocked the world with this amazing scientific achievement

National Defense Education Act

A 1958 act, passed in response to the Soviet launching of the Sputnik satellite, that funneled millions of dollars into American universities, helping institutions such as the University of California at Berkeley and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, among others, become the leading research centers in the world.

League of United Latin American Citizens

A Southwestern group that challenged restrictive housing, employment discrimination, and the segregation of Latino students.

rock-and-roll music

A musical style derided as alarming, overly sexualized, and provocative.

the Beats

A term coined by Jack Kerouac for a small group of poets and writers who railed against mainstream culture.

''standard consumer package''

Along with a home and television set, the car became part of what sociologists called "the standard consumer package" of the 1950s.

''missile gap''

An belief that the Soviets had achieved technological and military superiority over the United States.

Which of the following was not a feature of Martin Luther King, Jr.'s, philosophy? - Black Americans must not try for full racial equality too quickly; before they achieve that, they must first prove their worthiness to all America. - Blacks and whites must work together to combat segregation. - The civil rights movement should always fight racial injustice on a nonviolent basis. - The civil rights movement is a crusade, not merely to improve the lot of blacks, but, more broadly, to redeem the soul of America.

Black Americans must not try for full racial equality too quickly; before they achieve that, they must first prove their worthiness to all America.

Dwight Eisenhower entered the presidency determined to dismantle the New Deal.

False

It is a myth that children in the 1950s and 1960s were trained to hide under their desks in the event of an atomic attack.

False

New York became the most prominent symbol of the postwar suburban boom; one fifth of the population growth of the 1950s occurred there.

False

Orval Faubus was among the attorneys on the team hired by the NAACP to pursue the watershed case Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka Kansas.

False

Sputnik

First artificial satellite to orbit the earth; launched October 4, 1957, by the Soviet Union.

school segregation

For years, the NAACP, under the leadership of attorney Thurgood Marshall, had pressed legal challenges to the "separate but equal" doctrine, and in the 1950s, attitudes began to shift.

massive retaliation

In 1954, John Foster Dulles announced an updated version of the doctrine of containment. "Massive retaliation," as it was called, declared that any Soviet attack on an American ally would be countered by a nuclear assault on the Soviet Union itself.

''social contract''

In leading industries, labor and management hammered out what has been called a new "social contract." Unions signed long-term agreements that left decisions regarding capital investment, plant location, and output in management's hands, and they agreed to try to prevent unauthorized "wildcat" strikes.

Levittown

Low-cost, mass-produced developments of suburban tract housing built by William Levitt after World War II on Long Island and elsewhere.

What did President Eisenhower call his domestic agenda, which embraced a "mixed economy," in which the government played a major role in planning economic activity, and by which Eisenhower consolidated and legitimized the New Deal?

Modern Republicanism

In the aftermath of Rosa Parks's arrest for refusing to give her bus seat to a white rider, a year-long bus boycott took place in what city?

Montgomery, Alabama

National Defense Education Act

Passed in reaction to America's perceived inferiority in the space race; encouraged education in science and modern languages through student loans, university research grants, and aid to public schools.

''end of ideology''

Scholars celebrated the "end of ideology" and the triumph of a democratic, capitalist "consensus" in which all Americans except the maladjusted and fanatics shared the same liberal values of individualism, respect for private property, and belief in equal opportunity.

Which of the following was not a key premise of American foreign policy during the Eisenhower years? - Any Soviet attack on one of our allies will result in a nuclear assault on the Soviet Union. - The United States will always respect the sovereignty of foreign democracies—even those whose policies we oppose. - We must be prepared to negotiate with the Soviet Union. - The United States will intervene in the Middle East—militarily, if necessary—to ward off the threats of communism or Arab nationalism in the region.

The United States will always respect the sovereignty of foreign democracies—even those whose policies we oppose.

During the 1950s, gay men and lesbians increasingly created their own subcultures in major cities.

True

During the 1950s, material consumption came more and more to eclipse economic independence and democratic engagement as the hallmarks of American freedom.

True

During the 1950s, prominent psychologists insisted that women who were unhappy as housewives suffered from a failure to accept the "maternal instinct."

True

For all of America's successes, by 1960 more than one in five Americans lived in poverty.

True

Government policies and expenditures played a crucial role in the postwar economic boom.

True

In 1956, for the first time in American history, white-collar workers outnumbered blue-collar factory and manual laborers.

True

In 1960, women earned, on average, 60 percent of the income of men.

True

In many ways, the economy and culture of the 1950s was dominated by the automobile.

True

In the 1950s the number of houses in the United States doubled; most were built in the suburbs.

True

In the 1950s, the National Security Council advised President Eisenhower to use nuclear weapons in Vietnam.

True

In the consumer culture of the 1950s, the measure of freedom became the ability to gratify market desires.

True

In the decades following World War II, pluralism reigned supreme and the free exercise of religion was yet another way of differentiating the American way of life from that of life under communism.

True

In the post-World War II United States, Americans' daily lives were transformed by the widespread use of televisions, air conditioning, dishwashers, long-distance telephone calls, and jet travel.

True

In the two decades following World War II, services—which had generally been enjoyed only by the rich or solidly middle class in the years before the war—including central heating, indoor plumbing, and electricity now became features of common life.

True

One strand of social analysis in the 1950s asserted that Americans were psychologically and culturally discontent, lonely and anxious, and yearning not so much for freedom as for stability and authority.

True

The Brown decision encouraged an awakening of civil rights protest—and segregationist protest—in the South.

True

World War II was followed in the United States by what has been called "a golden age" of capitalism; between 1946 and 1960, the nation's gross national product more than doubled.

True

Brown v. Board of Education

U.S. Supreme Court decision that struck down racial segregation in public education and declared "separate but equal'' unconstitutional.

U-2 Incident (1960)

U.S. spy plane piloted by *Francis Gary Powers* was shot down over the Soviet Union forcing the Eisenhower administration to acknowledge responsibility for the surveillance mission.

Which was not part of the new "social contract" between organized labor and management in leading industries during the 1950s? - Unions agreed to leave decisions regarding capital investment and plant location in management's hands. - Employers ceased trying to eliminate existing unions. - Employers granted benefits such as private pension plans, health insurance, and automatic cost-of-living pay adjustments to employees. - Unions sponsored "wildcat" strikes in an effort to discipline management.

Unions sponsored "wildcat" strikes in an effort to discipline management.

women at work

Working women in 1960 earned, on average, only 60 percent of the income of men. Despite the increasing numbers of wage-earning women, the suburban family's breadwinner was assumed to be male, while the wife remained at home.

Which of the following was not a prominent feature of suburban married life during the Fifties? - a rise in birth rates - a decline in divorce rates - a growing tendency of husbands and wives to share the roles of breadwinner and homemaker - a growing desire among husbands and wives to find fulfillment through the shared enjoyment of material comforts, recreation, and sexual relations

a growing tendency of husbands and wives to share the roles of breadwinner and homemaker

Which of the following was not a significant trend in 1950s America? - the growing association of the automobile with individual freedom - the emergence of TV as the nation's prevalent form of entertainment - a surge of student radicalism on college campuses - the rise of a youth culture that challenged the bland conformism of postwar America

a surge of student radicalism on college campuses

In 1953, Dwight Eisenhower brought to the presidency all of the following experiences, except

being chief executive officer of the General Electric Corporation.

Mendez v. Westminster (1947)

federal case that determined segregation of Mexican and Mexican-American students in Orange County was unconstitutional

In the 1950s, Richard Nixon pioneered efforts to transform the Republican Party's image

from defender of business to champion of the "forgotten man," for whom heavy taxation had become a burden.

Which was not one of the elements of "the power elite"—the interlocking directorate that dominated government and society in the 1950s—in the view of sociologist C. Wright Mills? - corporate leaders - politicians - labor leaders - military men

labor leaders

Which of the following was not a key cause of the economic prosperity of the Fifties? - large income tax reductions - housing construction in the expanding suburbs - Cold War-related military production - the building of the interstate highway system

large income tax reductions

The 1954 update to the doctrine of containment, announced by Secretary of State John Foster Dulles, that declared a Soviet attack on any American ally would be countered by a nuclear attack on the Soviet Union, was called "brinksmanship" by its critics and what by supporters?

massive retaliation

In 1957, the Eisenhower Doctrine

pledged the United States to defend Middle Eastern governments threatened by communism or Arab nationalism.

The wave of decolonization that began when India and Pakistan achieved independence in 1947, and by which, in the decades following World War II, Europe's centuries-old empires collapsed, witnessed the newly created Third World nations

resisting alignment with either major power bloc.

Eisenhower's Farewell Address

spoke of the military-industrial complex, which tied military activity to industrial production tightly; feared that it would become a problem for a democracy because it was too close to becoming dictatorial - 1961

The principal organization in the Southwest—the equivalent of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)—that challenged restrictions on housing and employment, as well as the segregation of Latino students was named

the League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC).

What was the coalition of black ministers and civil rights activists that pressed for desegregation and was formed in 1955, and in whose organizing Martin Luther King, Jr., took the lead?

the Southern Christian Leadership Conference

The National Defense Education Act, which for the first time offered direct federal funding for higher education, was passed into law by Congress in 1957 in response to

the Soviet launch of the first artificial Earth satellite, Sputnik.

Which of the following did not inform Martin Luther King, Jr.'s, 1950s leadership of the civil rights movement? - the writings of civil disobedience of Henry David Thoreau and Mahatma Gandhi - the nonviolent protests of the Congress of Racial Equality - a philosophy of struggle in which hate must be met with Christian love, and violence, with peaceful demands for change - the writings of Malcolm X., particularly his autobiography

the writings of Malcolm X., particularly his autobiography