chapter 24

José María Morelos

After Hidalgo rebels were defeated they rallied with Morelos for four years until their defeat in 1815

kaiser

Prussian emperor

nation-state

a nation with its own independent government

the Balkans

a region that includes all or part of present-day Greece, Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey, and former Yugoslavia

realpolitik

a term used to describe tough power politics with no room for idealism; the politics of reality

impressionism

an artistic style where artists show their impression of a subject or moment in time

Alexander II

son of Czar Nicholas I and tried to move Russia toward modernization. He issued the Edict of Emancipation which freed over 20 million serfs

nationalism

the belief that the people's greatest loyalty should be to a nation of people instead of a king or emperor

romanticism

an artistic movement that reflected deep interest in nature and the thoughts and feelings of the individual

Giuseppe Garibaldi

led a small army of Italian nationalists known as the Red Shirts. He and his followers conquered much of southern Italy and agreed to unite them with the kingdom go Piedmont-Sardinia

Otto von Bismarck

master of realpolitik. He ruled Prussia with the king's approval, but without the consent of parliament and without a legal budget. He formed an alliance with Austria and went to war against Denmark, then stirred up boarder conflicts with Austria and went to war against them. Then, he defeated France and, in doing so, unified northern and southern Germany.

José de San Martín

Led his army across the Andes to free Chile. He left his army with Bolivar to command. The combined armies defeated the Spanish at the Battle of Ayacucho (Peru) on December 9, 1824.

creole

Spainiards born in Latin America and below the pennsulares in rank. Could rise as officers in the Spanish colonial armies. Creole and peninsulares together controlled land, wealth, and power in the Spanish colonies

How was Spanish colonial society structured?

Spanish colonial society was divided into a caste system. Peninsulas were the wealthy, elite and regarded themselves higher than everyone else because they were born in Spain. Creoles were the middle class, and were often born in Latin America. However, they were sometimes raised in Europe where they picked up on many of the Enlightenment ideas. Mulattos were at the bottom of the society structure and were those made up of mixed European and African heritage. Enslaved peoples were also Mulattos, and people in this class tended to be very poor.

How was the Haitian Revolution different from revolutions in the rest of Latin America?

The Haitian Revolution was different from others in Latin America in that L'Ouverture and others led a slave revolt that kicked the French off the Island. Latin American revolutions were started by creoles whites who were born in the colonies. They didn't incite the slaves against the Spanish.

radical

favored drastic change in government and the expansion of government to all people

Russification

forcing Russian culture on all of the ethnic groups in the Russian Empire. This change increased nationalistic feelings and helped to disunify Russia

Simón Bolívar

Brilliant creole general, called the "George Washington" of South America. Won Venezuela's independence from Spain by 1821

Camillo di Cavour

prime minister of Sardinia. He worked to gain control of northern Italy for Sardinia by beginning a war with Austria (who controlled northern Italy at the time) and then defeating them. This allowed him to take all of northern Italy except Venetia. While he was doing this, he was also secretly helping nationalist rebels in southern Italy.

Miguel Hidalgo

Father Miguel Hidalgo issued a call for rebellion against the Spanish on September 16, 1810. Creoles and Spaniards put down this rebellion in 1811.

Which groups led the quest for Mexican independence?

Indians and Mestizos

Louis-Napoleon

Napoleon Bonaparte's nephew who was elected as president of France. Four years later, he took the title of Emperor Napoleon III. As emperor, he built railroads, encouraged industrialization, and began a public works program

peninsulare

Only people who had been born in Spain, which is on the Iberian peninsula. In Latin America colonial society the top of Spanish-American society, a small percent of the population. Only peninsulares could hold high office in Spanish colonial government

mulatto

Persons of mixed European and African ancestry and enslaved Africans. Mulatto came after the peninsulare, creole and mestizo (person of mixed European and Indian ancestry)

Junker

Prussia's wealthy landowning class

liberal

mostly middle-class businesspeople and merchants who wanted to give more power to elected parliaments

realism

trying to show life as it was, not as it should be (opposite of romanticism)

conservative

usually wealthy property owners and nobility who protected the monarchies of Europe