Chapter 24

A healthy adult typically produces ________ of urine per day.

1200 mL

Approximately ________ liters of glomerular filtrate enter glomerular capsules each day.

180

The afferent arteriole in the kidney:

carries blood to the glomerulus

Chloride ion is reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb by:

co-transport with Na ions

Urine passes, in the order given, through which of the following structures? renal pelvis collecting duct bladder ureter urethra

collecting duct, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethra

The detrusor muscle:

compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine through the urethra

Blood leaves the glomerulus through a blood vessel called the:

efferent arteriole

The amount of filtrate produced per minute is called the:

glomerular filtration rate

______ nephrons are essential to water conservation and the production of concentrated urine.

juxtamedullary

Nephrons located close to the medulla with long nephron loops are called:

juxtamedullary nephrons

Major calyces are:

large tributaries of the renal pelvis

In French, it's "faire de pipi," in Spanish, it's "hacer pipi," in English, it's "I have to pee." What is the medical term for this universal urge to pass urine?

micturition

When the level of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) decreases:

more urine is produced and the osmolarity of the urine decreases

The functional unit of the kidney is the:

nephron

Counter-current multiplication takes place in the:

nephron loop

The u-shaped segment of the nephron is the:

nephron loop

The filtrate first passes from the glomerular capsule to the:

proximal convoluted tubule

The primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule is:

reabsorbing nutrients

Regarding kidney function, in ________, solutes are transported from the peritubular fluid across the tubular epithelium into the tubular fluid.

secretion

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term "renal papilla" A) tip of the medullary pyramid B) final urine enters here C) granular tissue separating renal pyramids D) initial filtrate enters here E) releases renin

tip of the medullary pyramid

The ureters and urinary bladder are lined by ________ epithelium.

transitional

The area of the urinary bladder bounded by the openings of the two ureters and the urethra is called the:

trigone

The most abundant waste solute in urine is:

urea

In response to increased levels of aldosterone, the kidneys produce:

urine with a lower concentration of sodium ions

The ______ is a capillary plexus that parallels the nephron loop.

vasa recta

Regarding kidney function, in reabsorption,

water and solutes are transported from the tubular fluid, across the tubular epithelium, and into the peritubular fluid.

As the filtrate passes through the renal tubules, approximately what percentage is reabsorbed and returned to the circulation?

99

What percent of nutrients (glucose, amino acids, etc.) are reabsorbed in the PCT?

99

The mechanism for producing a concentrated urine involves: A) a high concentration of NaCl in the fluid surrounding the collecting ducts B) aquaporins being inserted into the membranes of the collecting duct walls C) the secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) D) a properly functioning nephron loop E) All of the answers are correct

All of the answers are correct

A glomerulus is:

a knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle

Autoregulation of the rate of glomerular filtration has which of the following properties? A) depends on changes in the afferent arteriole B) depends on changes in the mesaginal cells C) depends on changes in the efferent arteriole D) all of the answers are correct E) none of the answers are correct

all of the answers are correct

Substances secreted by the distal convoluted tubule include: A) penicillin B) potassium ions C) creatinine D) hydrogen E) all of the answers are correct

all of the answers are correct

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term nephron loop? A) creates high NaCl concentration in the renal medulla B) relies on countercurrent multiplication C) enables production of hypertonic urine D) all of the answers are correct E) none of the answers are correct

all of the answers are correct

The renal sinus is:

an internal cavity lines by the fibrous capsule

The ability to form concentrated urine depends on the functions of:

both the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct

Renal columns are:

bundles of tissue that extend between pyramids from the cortex

Eighty-five percent of nephrons in the human kidney are located in the:

cortex

The DCT secretes hydrogen ions in exchange for sodium ions by the process of:

counter-transport

The portion of the nephron that empties into the collecting duct is the:

distal convoluted tubule

Peristaltic contractions, beginning at the renal pelvis, sweep along the ureter, forcing urine toward the urinary bladder. In a normal healthy person, how often do these contractions occur?

every 30 seconds or so

Which of the following is NOT a function of the urinary system? A) excretes excess albumin molecules B) contributes to stabilizing blood pH C) regulates plasma concentrations of electrolytes D) eliminates organic waste products E) regulates blood volume

excretes excess albumin molecules

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term "calyx" A) tip of the medullary pyramid B) final urine enters here C) granular tissue separating renal pyramids D) initial filtrate enters here E) releases renin

final urine enters here

The process of filtration occurs at the:

glomerulus

One mechanism the kidney uses to raise systemic blood pressure is to:

increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex

Increased sympathetic tone can do all of the following EXCEPT: A) increase systemic blood pressure B) produce venoconstriction of blood reservoirs C) increase cardiac output D) increase the glomerular filtration rate E) stimulate peripheral vasoconstriction

increase the glomerular filtration rate

Anitdiuretic hormone (ADH):

increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water

The ______ delivers urine to a minor calyx.

papillary duct

The efferent arteriole of a nephron divides to form a network of capillaries within the cortex called the ______ capillaries.

peritubular

Tubular reabsorption involves all of the following EXCEPT: A) active transport B) phagocytosis C) secondary active transport D) osmosis E) facilitated diffusion

phagocytosis

Each of the following is a normal constituent of urine EXCEPT: A) creatinine B) uric acid C) hydrogen ions D) proteins E) urea

proteins

The following is a list of the blood vessels that carry blood to the kidney. 1. afferent arteriole 2. arcuate artery 3. interlobar artery 4. renal artery 5. glomerulus 6. cortical radiate artery 7. efferent arteriole 8. peritubular capillary What is the proper order in which blood passes through these vessels?

renal artery, interlobar artery, arcuate artery, cortical radiate artery, afferent artery, glomerulus, efferent arteriole, peritubular capillary

The glomerular capsule and the glomerulus make up the:

renal corpuscle

The cavity of the kidney that receives urine from the calyces is called the:

renal pelvis

The expanded beginning of the ureter connects to the:

renal pelvis

Triangular or conical structures located in the renal medulla are called:

renal pyramids

During the micturition reflex:

stimulation of stretch receptors in the bladder wall sends impulses to the sacral cord.

Which of the following is GREATER? A) the concentration of solute in the filtrate at the beginning of the nephron loop B) the concentration of solute in the filtrate at the bottom of the nephron loop C) the concentration at the top and bottom are identical

the concentration of solute in the filtrate at the bottom of the nephron loop

If you have to urinate, but have to "hold it" until you can find a bathroom, what structure are you "holding it" with?

the external urethral sphincter

Urine is carried to the urinary bladder by:

the ureters