Chapter 24 Urinary System

How much of the fluid filtered by the kidney actually becomes urine?

1%

three major renal processes in nephron

1) glomerular filtration 2) tubular resorption 3) tubular secretion

Why is blood pressure in the glomerulus higher than in other capillary beds?

Arterioles are high-resistance blood vessels, and the efferent arteriole is narrower than the afferent arteriole.

Which of the following statements about the urinary bladder is false? A. The ureters attach to the bladder through oblique posterolateral orifices. B. Two ureteral openings and the internal urethral orifice bound the trigone of the bladder. C. In females, the bladder lies posterior to the uterus but anterior to the rectum. D. When empty, the bladder lies inferior to the abdominal cavity.

C. In females, the bladder lies posterior to the uterus but anterior to the rectum.

Which of these statements concerning peritubular capillaries is FALSE? A. They absorb solutes and water from the tubule cells after these substances are resorbed from filtrate. B. They are low-pressure porous capillaries. C. They are adapted for secretion. D. They are continuous from efferent arterioles draining the cortical glomeruli.

C. They are adapted for secretion. They are adapted for absorption

The urinary bladder, when empty, lies within both the abdominal and pelvic cavities.

False

Region of the distal tubule that monitors concentration of the filtrate

Region of the distal tubule that monitors concentration of the filtrate. macula densa

What occurs after the posterior pituitary gland secretes antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

The collecting ducts and distal convoluted tubules become more permeable to water, which results in additional water being resorbed into blood vessels from the filtrate.

Blood vessel that contains granular cells involved in blood pressure regulation.

afferent arteriole

the first part of the nephron

are the final portion of the nephron before the collecting duct

The visceral layer of the glomerular capsule __________.

clings to the glomerulus, consists of branching cells call podocytes, and plays an important role in the formation of filtrate

Renal corpuscles __________.

consist of a glomerulus and a glomerular capsule located in the cortex

The most superficial layer of the kidney is the

cortex.

Which of the following is not normally found in urine?

glucose

The mucosal folds in the bladder (rugae)

have the same basic function as transitional epitheliumaccommodating stretch as the bladder fills.

Vessels and nerves enter and leave the kidney through the

medial hilum.

The oblique entry of the ureters into the bladder __________.

prevents backflow of urine into the ureters from the urinary bladder

The descriptive term for the location of the kidneys relative to the abdominal cavity.

retroperitoneal

In the juxtaglomerular apparatus, the macula densa belongs to the

terminal nephron loop.

Which type of epithelium lines the lumen of the ureter, urinary bladder, and proximal portions of the urethra?

transitional epithelium, Transitional epithelium allows the mucosal lining to stretch as the ureter and bladder fill with urine while still protecting the underlying connective tissue.

The epithelium lining the urinary bladder that permits distension is

transitional.

Cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons can be distinguished by the absence of a vasa recta in the cortical nephrons.

True

glomerulus

a ball of capillaries forming part of the nephron in the kidney, forms a filtrate that will be modified to urine.

nephron loop

part of the renal tubule

The micturition center is located in the

pons of the brain stem.

Before it enters the ureter, urine collects in the

renal pelvis.

Which of the following processes does not participate in the production of urine in the kidney? A.evaporation B. secretion C. filtration D. resorption

evaporation

The medial concave cleft in which vessels, ureters, and nerves enter/leave the kidney.

hilum

What happens in tubular resorption?

Most nutrients, water, and essential ions are returned to the blood renal capillaries.

Renin is produced in

the granular cells.

The name of the inferior of the three openings in the trigone of the bladder is the

internal urethral orifice.

The glomerular capsule and the glomerular capillaries together make up the renal corpuscle.

True

The internal urethral sphincter is composed of smooth muscle and is under involuntary control.

True

podocytes

branching cells

Which of these sequences correctly traces arterial blood as it flows from the renal artery to the renal cortex?

segmental artery, interlobar artery, arcuate artery, cortical radiate artery, afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole, peritubular capillary

The longest of the three parts of the male urethra is the

spongy urethra.

Which of the following is not part of the filtration membrane? A. capillary endothelium B. basement membrane C. granular cells D. filtration slit diaphragm

C. Granular cells

A network of peritubular capillaries surrounds the convoluted tubules and nephron loop for the purpose of filtration.

False

The ureters enter the bladder obliquely at the anterolateral corners.

False

Which structure(s) is/are confined to the renal medulla?

The thin segments of the nephron loop (loop of Henle.)

In what way is the histology of the ureters the same as that of the urinary bladder?

Their luminal epithelium is transitional epithelium.

mesangial cells.

These are cells that show contractile properties that regulate blood flow within the glomerulus.

granular cells.

These are modified smooth muscle cells with secretory granules that contain renin, which is secreted in response to falling blood pressure in the afferent arteriole.

What is the function of the macula densa?

These are specialized cells of the DCT that act as chemoreceptors for monitoring ion concentrations in the filtrate.

In females, the urinary bladder lies anterior to the vagina and uterus.

True

85% of nephrons are described by this term that relates to their location in the kidney.

cortical

The function of the collecting duct is to

determine the final volume and concentration of urine.

Contraction of this muscle forces urine from the bladder.

detrusor

Where does blood flow immediately after it leaves the glomerulus in the renal corpuscle?

efferent arteriole

Knot of capillaries that directs blood into the efferent arteriole.

glomerulus

An increase in the permeability of collecting tubule cells to water is due to

an increase in the production of ADH.

Which urethral sphincter is innervated by somatic (voluntary) motor neurons?

external urethral sphincter